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One of the most significant events of the fourteenth century was the Black Death. As the bubonic plague spread across Afroeurasia, it had major consequences for most societies involved in the Afroeurasian world system. World history textbooks often presented the Black Death as beginning in the fourteenth century for many years. New research is significantly altering our understanding of the Black Death. Monica Green has written extensively about integrating this new research into teaching the Black Death. David Parry has also published a brief article about our changing understanding of the Black Death that can easily be used with students in the classroom.
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https://www.liberatingnarratives.com/cairo-had-become-an-abandoned-desert/
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2025-06-23T18:48:25Z
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How many hairs must a person lose before they become bald? There doesn’t seem to be an easy way of answering this. This is because “bald”, along with a large number of other words, is vague. This vagueness causes problems and Anna Mahtani specialises in thinking very precisely about these problems…
A Problem of Vagueness
We can all accept that those whose heads are entirely hairless are bald. It also seems plausible to suggest that one single hair does not make the difference between being bald and not being bald. However, if we accept these two reasonable sounding claims and then consider a series of people each with one more hair on their head than the last, then we seem compelled to accept that a person with a million hairs on their head is also bald. This seems like a problem – and it doesn’t just apply to the word “bald”.
One proposed solution to the problem, epistemicism, holds that the key to resisting the above “sorities” argument lies in its second claim: it simply isn’t true, claims the epistemicist, that one single hair does not make the difference between being bald and not being bald. What seem like vague terms – such as “bald” – are actually perfectly precise, however (and here’s the catch) although such terms do have precise definitional boundaries, we don’t (and cannot) know where these boundaries are.
Anna Mahtani, recently appointed as an Assistant Professor in the Department, obtained her PhD for her work on vagueness. The title of Anna’s PhD thesis was ‘New Objections to the Epistemic Theory of Vagueness’. We decided to ask her some questions about it…
Q: Hi Anna, congratulations on your appointment. I couldn’t help noticing from the title of your PhD thesis that you object, in some sense, to epistemicism. Before telling us about your new objections, what were the old objections?
A: The fundamental objection is that the epistemic view is counterintuitive! People often just think that it is crazy to say that there is some sharp cut-off point between “bald” and ‘”not bald”. I think that this intuition can be unpacked into two questions:
i) What makes it the case that the boundary lies in any particular place? Why should the boundary to “bald” lie at 2465 hairs, say, rather than at 2466? It isn’t at all plausible to say that there is a boundary out there in nature, that scientists could discover. And it doesn’t seem plausible to say that we have drawn a boundary either. Sometimes we stipulate a (relatively) sharp boundary to our terms: for example, in the UK, for tax purposes a “heavy goods vehicle” is defined as a vehicle that is designed or adapted to have a maximum weight exceeding 3,500 kilograms. But “bald” – and millions of other vague terms and expressions in our natural language – have not been explicitly defined in this way. So what is it that makes the boundary lie in any particular place?
ii) If vague terms have sharp boundaries, why don’t we know about them? On the epistemic view, we can’t know about them. We can’t find out where the boundaries lie by carrying out scientific research projects, by introspection, by taking surveys of speaker’s intuitions – or in any other way. But why is this? These are terms in our own language: if they have sharp boundaries, surely we should be able to know where they lie?
This point is especially vivid if you think about terms that you had a hand in coining. As a child, my brother and me had a made-up word – “sprinkle” – that we used for the sort of sand that runs through your fingers and is no good for making sand-castles with. This is a vague term: you can imagine starting off with a clear case of sprinkle and adding water drop by drop until you end up with a bucket of sludge that is clearly not sprinkle. Intuitively no single drop of water made the difference. But on the epistemic view, “sprinkle” has a sharp boundary: there is a point in this series at which a single drop of water turned the sprinkle into non-sprinkle. And we – even as the coiners of the word – can’t know where this boundary lies. That seems counterintuitive.
Q: And the new objections?
A: The objections that I make in the thesis are objections to a powerful defence of the epistemic view by Timothy Williamson. Here I describe one way that I have objected to this account.
Williamson has argued that ignorance about where the boundaries to vague terms lie is just what we would expect under the hypothesis that vague terms have sharp boundaries. His argument draws on the idea of “inexact knowledge”. To get an idea of what is meant by ‘inexact knowledge’, consider your current knowledge of the number of words on this webpage. Unless you have counted the words, your knowledge is inexact. You might know that there are more than 1000 words, and fewer than 3000, but you will not know for any n that there are exactly n words. Even if for some n you were to believe truly that there are exactly n words, your belief would fall short of knowledge. This is because your belief is not safe: though it is true, it could easily have been false. I could have included an extra word or left one out without you noticing and adjusting your belief accordingly.
Williamson argues that (under the hypothesis that vague terms have sharp boundaries) your knowledge of the boundaries of vague terms is similarly inexact. The thought is that vague terms are unstable: a small and imperceptible change in our use of the term “bald” would shift its boundary. So even if for some n you were to believe truly that the boundary to “bald” lies at n, your knowledge would not be safe: though your belief is true it could easily have been false.
I argue against this in two ways. First I question the account of inexact knowledge: we can construct cases where a person’s knowledge is inexact, but where a true belief may nevertheless be “safe” in Williamson’s sense. Secondly I argue more generally that Williamson has not shown that if vague terms have sharp boundaries, then ignorance about where those boundaries lie is just what we should expect: from the perspective of someone who finds the epistemic view counterintuitive, if vague terms had sharp boundaries, then the terms would be stable rather than unstable.
Q: What do you see as the most promising alternative account of vagueness?
A: Perhaps surprisingly, writing the thesis did not put me off the epistemic account. I have argued that it faces some serious problems, but that is not to say that there are no solutions. My hope would be that the account can be made to work.
One reason to hope that it can be made to work, is that it follows from classical logic – together with some intuitively compelling claims. If you try to deny the epistemic view, then (unless you are prepared to say some other strange things) you end up contradicting yourself. You can get a feel for this if you try saying that “bald” has “borderline cases”, and mean by this that there are people who are neither bald nor not bald. This is a contradiction: if someone is not bald, then they cannot also be not not bald!
Another reason to hope that the epistemic view can be made to work is that every alternative account has problems that are (in my view) at least as serious. Take for example the ‘degree theory’ account. On this account, sentences are not simply true or false, but rather have a “degree of truth” between 0 and 1. So if you imagine a person with a full head of hair, then the sentence “this person is bald” will be true to some very low degree – perhaps degree 0. If we now imagine someone with slightly less hair, then the sentence ‘this person is bald’ will be true to some higher degree, and for a person with no hair at all, the sentence ‘this person is bald’ will be true to degree 1.
This account looks attractive – at least on the surface: we do sometimes say, after all, that a claim is “true to some degree”. But all the objections to the epistemic view seem to apply with equal force to this view. On this view, a sentence like “a man with 1543 hairs is bald” is true to some degree: i.e. there is some number n between 0 and 1 that is the degree of truth of this sentence. But what makes it the case that the degree of truth of this sentence is n, rather than, say, n+0.0001? And it seems that we don’t know what degree of truth a given sentence has: but why can’t we know what degree of truth a sentence has?
Of course, responses have been made by degree theorists to this sort of objection, but it is not obvious that they work – or if they do work, why the epistemic theorist can’t respond in a similar sort of way.
Q: Finally, could you tell us a bit about how this work relates to wider issues in the philosophy of language, in philosophy in general or even outside of philosophy?
A: One question that work on vagueness raises is this: how should we reason? Should we reason in line with classical logic, or should we abandon classical logic in favour of some alternative logic? The epistemic theorist claims that classical logic holds for ordinary language, but on the degree theorist’s account we need to construct a new sort of logic that works with degrees of truth rather than simply truth and falsity. The answer to the question ‘how should we reason’ has a wide-reaching effect on philosophical work.
To give just one example, I recently heard Crispin Wright discuss whether we should infer from the claim that one person asserts P and another asserts not-P that one of the two people must be mistaken. On classical logic, of course, this follows: either P is true (in which case not-P is false), or P is false (in which case not-P is true). But on some alternative logics, this does not follow. This can have implications for our judgements about disagreement in all sorts of areas of philosophy.
As to how work on vagueness affects issues outside philosophy, it is clear that philosophy has something of value to say. Should law-makers attempt to make the terms that they use precise? How should we evaluate the “slippery slope” arguments that we find discussed in the media, and that policy makers consider? More generally, I think that investigating paradoxes – such as the one you present at the start of your introduction – make us rightly cautious about our own powers of reasoning. From apparently compelling premises, and apparently valid reasoning, we can nevertheless be led astray.
A selection of Anna’s publications, including some of her work on vagueness, can be found here.
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https://www.lse.ac.uk/philosophy/blog/2014/12/04/thinking-precisely-about-vagueness-an-interview-with-anna-mahtani/
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Sleep plays a vital role in our overall well-being, yet it is often undervalued and neglected in our fast-paced, modern lives. The World Health Organization (WHO) has even declared that we are facing a sleep epidemic, highlighting the urgent need to address our sleep health. In this article, we will explore the importance of sleep, the impact of poor sleep on our work performance, and why it is crucial to educate ourselves about this essential aspect of our lives.
Why is Sleep Important?
Sleep is not just a period of inactivity; it is a complex physiological process that allows our bodies and minds to recharge and rejuvenate. It is during sleep that crucial restorative processes occur, such as tissue repair, hormone regulation, and memory consolidation. Adequate sleep is linked to numerous health benefits, including enhanced cognitive function, improved mood, increased immunity, and reduced risk of chronic diseases.
The Consequences of Poor Sleep at Work
When we don’t get enough quality sleep, our work performance can suffer significantly. Sleep deprivation impairs our cognitive abilities, attention span, and decision-making skills, making it harder to concentrate and stay focused on tasks. It also compromises our creativity, problem-solving abilities, and overall productivity. Chronic sleep issues can lead to absenteeism, presenteeism (being physically present but not fully functioning), and increased workplace accidents and errors.
Educating Ourselves for Better Sleep
Sleep education helps us understand the science of sleep, recognize the factors that influence sleep quality, and develop strategies for better sleep hygiene. By increasing our knowledge about sleep, we can identify the specific areas of our sleep that need improvement and take action to create positive change.
Introducing: Improving Sleep Training
Our “Improving Sleep” training program is designed to assist workplaces equip individuals who struggle with sleep issues with the knowledge and tools to enhance their sleep quality. The training covers four key areas essential for improving sleep: sleep scheduling, sleep routines, daily habits to promote sleep, and optimizing the sleep environment. Participants will delve into topics such as the importance of sleep, the science behind sleep, and practical strategies for creating a sleep schedule, developing a sleep routine, and optimizing the sleep environment.
Who is it for?
- Anyone who wants to improve their sleep, or those who struggle with sleep issues (e.g., getting to sleep, staying asleep, waking early etc.),
What is it doing?
- Provides education about the 4 key areas required to improve sleep (sleep scheduling, sleep routines, daily habits to promote sleep, and optimizing the sleep environment).
- The training covers the following topics:
- The importance of sleep
- The science of sleep
- The 4 key areas required to improve sleep
- How to create a sleep schedule
- How to develop a sleep routine
- How to change daily habits to promote sleep
- How to optimize the sleep environment
- The training is delivered in a small-group setting and includes a variety of activities, such as presentations, discussions, and exercises.
Delivery Mode and Length
- Online or face-to-face
- Small – medium-sized groups (recommended minimum of 6 and maximum of 12 for online training).
- 2 hours
- Participants will understand the fundamental requirements of why we sleep, and what their sleeping issues may be indicating about their mental health and wellbeing.
- Participants will be able to identify the specific areas of their sleep that need improvement.
- Participants will develop a personalized sleep intervention plan, with key actions to implement immediately to improve sleep.
Benefits of the training
- The training will help participants to:
- Get a better understanding of sleep and how it affects their health and well-being
- Identify the specific areas of their sleep that need improvement
- Develop a personalized sleep intervention plan
- Improve their sleep quality and quantity
The training will also help to create a more sleep-friendly environment, where participants feel supported in their efforts to improve their sleep.
If you are interested in this training, please contact us for more information.
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https://www.mindseyetraining.com.au/improving-sleep/
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An economic and sustainable activity
Preparing firewood for the winter is often more stimulating and beneficial than buying it pre-cut from a store. Not only because you save money, but also because you can spend time outdoors in contact with nature while you’re doing it.
And what’s more—when performed in moderation—cutting is part of the sustainable forestry process: careful wood harvesting, carried out periodically on trees in the forest, ensures the cultivation and renewability of its resources. It’s not only beneficial for your wallet, but also for the environment.
Of course, you don’t necessarily have to go into a forest in order to collect wood.
You can easily recycle the branches of pruned trees in your back garden.
The important thing is to follow two basic rules:
- Start early
- Invest in a suitable chainsaw
In order for the wood to be ready for burning by the start of autumn, it needs to be cut and stacked at least 6 months in advance. If you live in a particularly humid geographical area, that time should be extended to one year in advance. Properly drying the wood is essential for lighting the fire and keeping it going. Poorly seasoned wood actually releases less heat, burns up quickly and generates more smoke and soot.
Also make sure you have an appropriate cutting device in your garage because, contrary to what you might think, not all chainsaws are the same. For localised and precise cutting work like this, the best tool you can use is a pruning chainsaw such as the MTT 2500 model, or a compact chainsaw such as the MT 3700. Finally, don’t forget to equip yourself with suitable personal protective equipment.
To protect your eyes and face, you can use suitable protective eyewear, a face shield and hearing defenders. Also properly protect your hands, legs and feet by wearing gloves, anti-cut trousers and boots with steel reinforcements.
Perfect, we’re all set.
Now we can finally get down to work.
To avoid unpleasant mishaps, always remember to work in an open, uncluttered area so that you can handle tools without obstruction. Try to work on flat and even terrain, for greater stability while working, and make sure that the trunk is immobile and cannot move.
If convenient, fix it in place with some sticks. In addition, always operate the chainsaw correctly, by supporting its weight with your left hand and pulling the starter cord with your right hand. For a firmer grip, you can help yourself by placing the appliance between your legs.
Never cut into the ground though, as this may damage or blunt the chain.
To begin with, you can cut logs and branches into similar one-meter long sections, then trim them down at a later time, based on the size of the heater or tool that you will use to burn the logs. Since wood shrinks as it dries, some people prefer to cut logs that are slightly larger than needed. If you are a beginner, be overcautious and cut into small pieces, until you learn how to measure the degree of shrinkage you can expect. If you live in a region with a humid climate, remember to divide the trunk into even smaller sections, to speed up the seasoning process.
Create a woodpile
Once you’ve finished cutting, it’s time to start stacking.
The ideal place to store and season wood is in an area exposed to sun and wind currents.
Transport the sawn logs to the allocated area with the help of a transporter, which is capable of carrying heavy and bulky loads, even on bumpy ground. You can place the wood in a prefabricated woodshed, or build one yourself. Ideally you should arrange the logs in a single row, with the cut ends exposed to the air to ensure even oxygenation of the wood.
If you don’t have enough space available for a single-row layout, stack in multiple rows with a space between each one if possible, to ensure good air circulation. It is also advisable to keep the woodpile raised above the ground, to prevent accumulated moisture beneath it from rotting the wood within the space of a few weeks.
Decide whether you prefer to leave the woodpile exposed or protect it from the rain.
If you opt for the first solution, use a black or transparent plastic sheet: black materials absorb heat and accelerate evaporation, whereas transparent materials allow sunlight to pass through.
Wait until it has dried
Now you just have to wait until the drying process is complete. To check the condition of your wood, pay attention to certain factors, especially its colour. Wood darkens as it dries. When you notice that the insides of the logs have turned from white to yellow or greyish, it means that they are ready for burning.
Odour is another indicator for ascertaining whether wood is sufficiently seasoned. Take a log from the pile and smell it: if you can still smell the resin, the log needs to dry for a little longer. However, if is odourless, your firewood is ready. Finally, if you still have doubts, inspect the bark and weigh the log in your hand: dry wood weighs less than fresh wood and its bark tends to fall off.
When you're pretty sure that you are holding dry, ready-to-burn logs, pile some together on a clear, fireproof surface and make a bonfire. If the large pieces and twigs fail to ignite, it means they are still damp and need a bit more time. Whereas, if they catch fire and make a hissing sound, it means that they still contain a small amount of residual moisture. Logs that catch fire within 15 minutes are fully seasoned and therefore ideal for burning.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.myefco.com/int/green-ideas/thinking-ahead-preparing-firewood-next-winter/
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2025-06-23T18:24:13Z
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Received: 30-Aug-2023, Manuscript No. IPJAPT-23-18224; Editor assigned: 01-Sep-2023, Pre QC No. IPJAPT-23-18224 (PQ); Reviewed: 15-Sep-2023, QC No. IPJAPT-23-18224; Revised: 20-Sep-2023, Manuscript No. IPJAPT-23-18224 (R); Published: 27-Sep-2023, DOI: 10.21767/2581-804X-7.3.21
Algal blooms are a natural spectacle that can be both awe-inspiring and concerning. These vibrant and colorful events are a result of rapid and excessive growth of algae in aquatic ecosystems. While they can create visually stunning displays, algal blooms often hide the dark side of their environmental impact. Understanding the causes, consequences, and management of algal blooms is essential to preserving the health of our waters and the life they support. Algal blooms are large, visible accumulations of microscopic algae, most commonly phytoplankton. These events can occur in both freshwater and marine environments, leading to various types of blooms. The fundamental causes and consequences of algal blooms remain similar, regardless of the water type. The primary driver of algal blooms is an excessive influx of nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into the water. This enrichment fuels the rapid growth of algae, leading to their proliferation. Warm water temperatures and low water movement favor the development of algal blooms [1,2].
These conditions provide an ideal environment for algae to flourish. Different algal species can be responsible for blooms, with certain species producing toxins that can harm aquatic life, animals, and humans. During the day, algae produce oxygen through photosynthesis. However, at night, they consume oxygen through respiration. In dense algal blooms, the nighttime oxygen consumption can lead to oxygen depletion, causing harm to fish and other aquatic organisms. Some algal species, such as cyanobacteria, produce toxins that can be harmful to aquatic life and even pose a risk to human health. These are known as Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Ingesting or coming into contact with water contaminated by HABs can lead to health issues, including gastrointestinal problems, skin irritation, or more severe conditions in extreme cases. Algal blooms can disrupt aquatic ecosystems, outcompeting native species for resources and disrupting the balance of the food web. Algal blooms can have a significant economic impact, particularly for communities that rely on fisheries and tourism. The decline in fish populations and the unattractive appearance of affected waters can managing agricultural and urban runoff is essential to control the influx of nutrients into water bodies. This can be achieved through better land-use practices and the implementation of buffer zones to filter out nutrients. Regular monitoring of water quality can help identify the early stages of algal blooms, allowing for timely intervention. Efforts to reduce nutrient discharge from sewage treatment plants, industries, and urban areas can help mitigate the nutrient overload responsible for algal blooms. Wetlands act as natural filters, trapping and removing excess nutrients [3,4].
Their restoration can be an effective method for preventing algal blooms. In some cases, algaecides are used to control algal blooms, particularly HABs. However, this approach should be used cautiously, as it can have unintended consequences and may not be sustainable. Algal blooms are a complex and multi-faceted natural phenomenon that can be both captivating and destructive. While they may paint stunning pictures on the water’s surface, their underlying causes and consequences are not to be taken lightly. It is crucial to recognize the environmental and health risks associated with algal blooms and take proactive measures to manage and prevent them. Preserving the health of our aquatic ecosystems is a shared responsibility, and efforts to reduce nutrient pollution, restore natural filters like wetlands, and establish early warning systems for algal blooms are key steps toward maintaining the delicate balance of our waters. By understanding and addressing the challenges posed by algal blooms, we can help ensure the sustainability of our aquatic environments for future generations.
The author declares there is no conflict of interest in publishing this article.
Citation: Freyner A (2023) Algal Blooms Natures Spectacular yet Harmful Phenomenon. J Aquat Pollut Toxicol. 7:21.
Copyright: © 2023 Freyner A. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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https://www.primescholars.com/articles/algal-blooms-natures-spectacular-yet-harmful-phenomenon-124401.html
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2025-06-23T19:32:58Z
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Electrification is the buzzword in British and American rail circles right now.
In October 2009, the UK’s Network Rail announced plans to increase the country’s electric rail capacity by electrifying the Great Western Main Line to Bristol and Swansea, the Manchester to Liverpool route and the central belt in Scotland.
Stateside, President Barack Obama has called for high-speed rail corridors to be built along ten of the US’s busiest routes.
One of the first, the Caltrain between San Jose and San Francisco, is proposing to run on electricity while freight operators Norfolk Southern and BSNF Railways have been studying electrification options along routes for a number of years.
Elsewhere, Canada’s two largest cities are investigating the viability of switching to electric rail and the New Zealand Government has given Kiwi Rail $500m to buy electric trains to improve Auckland’s rail network.
US Tariffs are shifting - will you react or anticipate?
Don’t let policy changes catch you off guard. Stay proactive with real-time data and expert analysis.
By GlobalDataOne of the driving forces behind the sudden fascination with electric trains is a desire to be kinder to the environment. According to the Network Route Utilisation Electrification Strategy, produced by Network Rail in conjunction with key industry stakeholders, rail transport accounts for 2% of the UK’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
A move towards more electric passenger trains would reduce this figure, it says, as electric trains produce 20–30% less CO2 than diesel ones.
Network Rail’s head of network electrification Kevin Lydford says electric trains use less fuel because they are lighter than diesel engines, so they do not have to power as much mass.
“They transport their energy with them so emissions are controlled at source rather than being given out constantly,” he explains. “Regenerative breaking means some of the electric power on a journey can be recycled during breaking, which can save up to 20% of the energy on a journey with frequent stops.”
Electric trains are generally larger in terms of capacity, faster and quieter than those that run on diesel engines. That means more people can get out of their cars and onto a train, there’s less noise pollution and journey times are cut so goods and people can be moved more quickly.
Unveiling his plans to pump $8bn into high-speed rail as part of his stimulus package in April 2009, Obama praised electric rail as “a system that reduces travel times and increases mobility, a system that reduces congestion and boosts productivity, a system that reduces destructive emissions and creates jobs”.
Counting the costs
As if being faster, bigger and kinder to the environment is not enough, electric trains also have the potential to save operators money. The Network Route Utilisation Electrification Strategy report shows that running an electric service will save Network Rail about 50% on fuel costs and 33% on maintenance, because the vehicles are more reliable and fuel efficient.
“Electric trains are cheaper to power because they don’t require as much fuel as those that run on diesel,” Lydford says.
“The engines are also easier to maintain and because you don’t have to take the train anywhere to refuel, it takes fewer vehicles to run the fleet, which is another cost saving.”
The main barrier preventing UK and US operators joining the French, Spanish, Chinese and Japanese by jumping into bed with electric rail is the huge cost of conversion.
It will cost £1bn to electrify the Great Western line from London to Swansea, while the fee to wean Caltrain off diesel and onto electricity is pegged at a conservative $1.5bn. No wonder some commentators are saying that Obama’s $8bn high-speed rail fund isn’t going to touch the sides.
Morgan Keegan senior transportation analyst and managing director Art Hatfield says cost is the primary issue preventing large-scale uptake of electric rail in the US. “Also, most of the rail traffic in the US is freight and the infrastructure is owned by private companies,” he says. “Because of that and the long distances of track that would be involved, electrified rail is untenable over here.”
When the works are complete along the Great Western Main Line in 2017, the Manchester to Liverpool route in 2013 and the central belt in Scotland in 2016, the UK will have 1,700 extra single-track kilometres of electrified train lines. So will the whole system one day be given over to electric?
“It’s unlikely,” Lydford says. “Technology is not advanced enough yet to allow the trains to store enough energy to run an entire fleet on electric, but by investing in further electrification, we are giving the UK the most viable rail option for the future.”
The picture is less optimistic for electrification enthusiasts in the US, according to Hatfield.
“Electrification will not happen in the US because of the mix of freight and passenger rail,” he says.
“It’s hard to mix high-speed rail and freight within the same network. To do so would be very costly and throw up issues with safety. As the rail network is privately owned, I can’t see how you can force the conversion to electric.”
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Making the decision to skip the plastic grocery bags and opt for reusable bags instead is a huge benefit for the environment. But, reusable bags can actually impact your health negatively if you don’t clean and care for them properly.
Reusable bags are high-touch things, meaning they’re touched often by hands and other things. It’s been reported most people who use reusable grocery bags admit to not washing them. Learning how to clean your recyclable and reusable bags properly can help protect you from harmful bacteria and germs.
The American Chemistry Council, conducted a study in 2010 that found a lot of reusable bags could contain coliform bacteria, which includes E. coli. Of the 84 individuals interviewed for the study, 97% claimed to have never washed their reusable bags. Therefore, if you’re transporting vegetables, seafood and raw meat in your reusable grocery bags and you haven’t washed the bags yet, you are running the risk of cross-contaminating your groceries inadvertently.
Cross-contamination occurs when produce and raw meats touch pre-cooked food and other items that are placed together in bags that are already soiled. You’ll want to clean your reusable bags each time you use them to prevent even further cross-contamination. While you’re shopping, protect your bags and items by double bagging your groceries, particularly the items that could potentially leak, with plastic meat or produce bags. At home, an extra step you can take is to label and designate bags you plan on using continually only for things like:
- Dry goods
- Cleaning supplies
Stop and try to remember when the last time was you cleaned your recyclable or reusable bags? They’re actually fairly simple to clean – here’s how.
Cleaning Cotton Reusable Bags
- Most reusable cotton bags can be washed in the washing machine. You’ll just want to read the label to be certain. Use detergent and the hottest water setting on your machine.
- Place the bags inside your dryer if you can. Keep in mind, doing so might slightly shrink some cotton bags. You can line-dry your bags instead in a spot that has good ventilation to prevent mildew and mold growth. See all custom canvas cotton bags.
Cleaning Fabric and Canvas Reusable Bags
You might find instructions on the labels for protecting your canvas bags. If there isn’t any instructions on your canvas bags, you can use these cleaning tips:
- Wash with regular detergent in hot water. Hot water kills E. coli and other types of bacteria on fabric.
- Line dry your canvas bags or place them in the dryer.
- Hand-wash hand-knit, mesh or crocheted bags crafted of any materials, including jute in hot water and let them air dry.
- Don’t bring a cloth or canvas grocery bag to the store until it’s totally dry since a moist environment will encourage mildew and mold growth.
- Don’t place a canvas bag in your dryer if the idea of it shrinking bothers you.
Cleaning Nylon Bags
Flip nylon bags inside out and then hand-wash them in warm soapy water. You can machine wash them if you prefer, just put it on the gentlest cycle to keep the bags from falling apart. Air dry the bags. See all custom nylon bags.
Cleaning Recycled Plastic Bags
Recycled plastic shopping bags such as PET or polypropylene, need to be hand-washed. Then, shake them out and wipe them down with soapy, warm water. Clean around the outer and inner seams. If needed, flip the bags inside-out. Thoroughly wipe the bags down with a dry towel after you wash them or allow them to completely air dry before you put them away to prevent mildew and mold growth.
Cleaning Insulated Reusable Totes or Bags
Insulated totes or bags need to be cleaned often, just like other reusable bags. Because they’re crafted from heavy-duty nylon and have waterproof cooler liners usually constructed of thin silver foil liners, polyethylene vinyl acetate (PEVA) or heat-sealed, extra-durable PEVA, you’ll have to spray with a disinfectant solution and wipe them down. If your tote or bag has zippers, be sure to spray and wipe those too. See all custom insulated bags.
Other Cleaning Tips
- Remove your reusable bag’s bottom insert before you wash them.
- Clean the inserts, which are typically cardboard-covered with fabric or vinyl or cardboard, with a disinfecting spray.
- Turn the bags inside out before you wash them to clean them better.
- Pay attention to around the seams in the bags’ nooks and crannies when you hand-wash the bags.
- Ensure both plastic-lined and cloth reusable bags are totally dry before you store them.
- Keep ready-to-eat food, fresh produce and meats separated.
- Store your reusable bags in a dry, cool place at home and not in your car.
- Don’t store the bags in the trunk of your car because the high temperatures encourage faster growth of germs like Salmonella bacteria.
- Use promotional reusable grocery bags or groceries only. Use separate reusable bags for others items you shop for.
- Keep shopping bags and reusable grocery bags separated.
Ideally, you should wash your bags after every use. However, this isn’t always that simple. So, if you can’t wash them, you can freshen them up between washes by tossing them in your dryer on high heat, which can kill lingering germs. It’s also easy to make your own eco-friendly disinfectant, a germ-killing spray which will not only keep your reusable shopping bags smelling fresh, but will keep them clean as well. Spray your bags down quickly immediately after unpacking them of your groceries and ensure they’re dry before you store them away.
Remember, using resusable bags is the perfect way to lessen your ecological footprint. They’re a great way to do your part in reducing the number of plastic bags that are entering our oceans and harming sealife, too. Now is the ideal time to improve that 3% rate of people who clean their resuable bags.
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Knowing How to Know
Given all the mistakes in intellectual history, how can anyone be sure of what they think they know? One day we hear from science that eggs are bad for you; another day we hear that eggs are good for you. Is there even such a thing as true knowledge? Top secular universities teach students to believe that people can't "know." By contrast, God says, "My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge" (Hosea 4:6). What is knowledge? King Solomon said, "The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge" (Proverbs 1:7). If you want to get grounded in truth that teaches you how to learn and engage the right kind of doubt, then come to this epistemology course.
Key Questions To Be Explored:
What does it mean to have knowledge, not mere opinions or beliefs?
What is the spiritual gift of knowledge?
Doesn’t the Bible say that knowledge makes people arrogant? If so, then why seek it?
How does having knowledge relate to finding the moral courage to act with integrity as Christ followers?
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In November, coral researcher Bert Hoeksema from Naturalis Biodiversity Center gave his inaugural speech in Groningen as Honorary Professor of Tropical Marine Biodiversity. Discovering life on and around coral reefs is his passion. He then uses this knowledge to improve protection of the reefs. ‘You never know what you’re going to encounter below the surface. That’s what makes it so fascinating.’
Coral reefs are one of the most diversely populated ecosystems on Earth. Micro-organisms, algae, polyps, and jellyfish; flatworms and starfish; mini seahorses, sea cucumbers, and colourful sea slugs: every dive results in a new, unexpected encounter. ‘The world is now aware that the survival of many of these species is under threat. They need protection, but we still don’t know how many species we’re talking about.’ Bert Hoeksema made this claim in his inaugural speech at the University of Groningen on 16 November. Although he has been an Honorary Professor of Tropical Marine Biodiversity since June 2019, his inaugural speech was postponed twice due to the COVID-19 restrictions.
‘Working with students is one of the best parts of my job. I love taking them on expeditions, inspiring them with my inquisitiveness, arranging interesting placements for them, helping them to publish articles about new discoveries. I already do this, but being an honorary professor makes it easier for me to structure this aspect of my work. It’s also important that Naturalis has professors at various universities around the Netherlands. This makes the links more official, and simplifies collaboration. Why Groningen? Because the UG is a leading light in marine biology. It’s where I come from, which makes it even more special.’
‘We are unaware of most of what goes on below the surface of our oceans. It is relatively difficult to study, particularly at great depths. And it often involves minuscule organisms. Single-celled organisms, but also polyps barely measuring a millimetre, for example. Many organisms have still not been discovered because they are so well camouflaged or look exactly like another organism. Some sea anemones, for example, are the spitting image of corals. This is potentially dangerous for divers and fishermen, as sea anemones are highly poisonous. We recently found out that that a prawn from the Caribbean, which you cannot tell apart from a prawn that lives in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, is actually a separate species. Some 230,000 marine species have already been identified, but we estimate that a third to two-thirds of all species have not yet been discovered.’
‘Because of the enormous variety. When I’m diving, it never ceases to amaze me. And because the system is so unbelievably complex. Some fish, for example, are only found close to one particular type of coral. I find this dependence fascinating. How did it evolve? And how have these species, which are so co-dependent, managed to spread all around the world? What will happen to them now so much of our coral has become endangered due to the oceans warming up and destructive fishing practices?’
‘Sometimes. If a specific coral turns out to be highly important in terms of biodiversity, then you must protect it as a priority. This research into underwater treasures appeals to a wider public, from divers and aquarium lovers to keen travellers and nature buffs. Everyone finds it fascinating, once they know about it. It’s important to show what is down there, beneath the surface, and how everything relates to each other. You can only fully understand the impact of human behaviour if you understand what is going on. It makes you realize that we may lose countless species before we have even discovered them. And that an ecosystem of this complexity will not recover overnight.’
‘Two of my students carried out research on an old longitudinal dike that had been devastated by a storm in Sint Eustatius. They were studying the development of coral and the associated fauna. Their research revealed that the biodiversity on an artificial reef of this kind is nothing like the biodiversity found on natural reefs. Even after a few centuries. People sometimes ask: when will a reef like this reach maturity? When will it be identical to a natural reef? My answer is simple: never. Mainly because the surface is too regular. It’s exactly all those hollows and crevices that make a natural reef so diverse.’
‘If I’m honest, I don’t consider that to be reef restoration. Researchers often focus on one or two species of coral, which are easy to cultivate. They do this in shallow water. These projects attract a lot of attention, but they are so far removed from the natural complexity of a reef. I don’t think that this is the way to save coral reefs.’
‘Tackling the problem at the root. Less pollution, less destructive fishery, and of course, addressing the causes of climate change. More and more coral is dying off, due to warmer water, disease, or a combination of the two. We’re not quite sure. All knowledge is useful, which is why we are working on this. We are working alongside nature organizations, on Bonaire and Borneo, for example: they need to know what to protect, and where to find the most vulnerable reefs. It’s an enormous help if you can show people – tourists and local communities – what lives on and around a reef.’
‘I tend not to plan long-term. So much just seems to come my way that I’m always busy doing things I like. Fieldwork, publishing, working with students. Whenever I get an email from a colleague asking me to do joint research into a particular species, I always say yes if involves coral. It keeps me on my toes. We discover a new species, or a previously unknown link to another species. A prawn hitching a ride on a snail, for example, like riding a horse. You never know what you’re going to see when you dive on a coral reef. And I get to share this with students, or with local amateur divers, and we publish articles together… People sometimes ask me if I have a favourite dive site. I always reply: the next one. There’s always something new to see. That constant amazement you feel is simply the best feeling in the world.’
Bert Hoeksema (1957) studied Marine Biology in Groningen and was awarded a PhD by Leiden University. He has been a coral researcher in Leiden at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center (formerly the Museum of Natural History) since 1982. He was also appointed as an Honorary Professor at the UG in 2019. His research focuses on the the taxonomy, ecology, evolution, and biodiversity of coral reefs, a task for which he travels the world.
Text by Nienke Beintema
Researchers at the Faculty of Science and Engineering (RUG) have received Comenius Teaching Fellow grants from the National Educational Research Organization (NRO).
The European Research Council has awarded ERC Advanced grants to Prof. Inga Kamp, Prof. Wouter Roos and Prof. Syuzanna Harutyunyan.
The University of the North team 'Lord of the Roads', in which students from educational institutions Noorderpoort, Hanzehogeschool and the University of Groningen collaborated, came second in the RDW Self Driving Challenge (SDC). The team competed...
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(RxWiki News) Those hardy plastic containers holding your shampoo or kids' toys may not be the safest thing for your child, especially if they have asthma.
Children exposed to various extra chemicals commonly found in personal care and plastic products have an increased risk of having asthma-related swelling in their airways, a new study has found.
This means for asthma sufferers, watch which household products interact with children.
"Keep your home safe for kids."
Phthalate chemicals, or "plasticizers," are used to make toys, nail polish, hair spray, shampoo, and a number of other daily products.
They contain the chemicals diethyl phthalate (DEP) and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP).
The study, led by Allan Just, PhD, a postdoctoral researcher at the Harvard School of Public Health and other researchers at the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health, examined phthalates in 244 children between ages 5 and 9.
Higher phthalate levels are linked with higher levels of nitric oxide, a sign for inflamed airways, when people exhale.
The children were enrolled at the center in the Mothers and Newborns study.
All had detectable levels of phthalates in their urine, and they come from the South Bronx and Northern Manhattan where asthma is common.
"While many factors contribute to childhood asthma, our study shows that exposure to phthalates may play a significant role," Dr. Just said in a press release.
Researchers found that children with higher levels of BBzP exhaled about 7 percent more nitric oxide, linking exposure and inflamed airways among children.
Whether the chemical caused the inflammation is not exactly known.
And the association was significantly stronger among children who recently reported wheeze.
The study, which was supported by the National Institutes of Health, US Environmental Protection Agency and John and Wendy Neu Family Foundation, was published online August 23 in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.
The authors do not declare any conflicts of interest.
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By Nadia Drake
AUSTIN, Texas — Scientists are beginning to sort out the stellar ingredients that produce a type 1a supernova, a type of cosmic explosion that has been used to measure the universe’s accelerating expansion.
Two teams of researchers presented new data about these supernovas at the American Astronomical Society meeting on January 11. One team confirmed a long-held suspicion about the kind of star that explodes, and the second provided new evidence for what feeds that star until it bursts.
“This is a confirmation of a decades-old belief, namely that a type 1a supernova comes from the explosion of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf,” said Joshua Bloom, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley.
Bloom and his colleagues have been studying supernova 2011fe, the explosion that became visible 21 million light-years away, near the Pinwheel Galaxy, in August. When the PIRATE telescope in Majorca, Spain, wasn’t able to detect the supernova just hours after it exploded, Bloom’s team could set better limits on the size of the star that exploded. They concluded it must have been a white dwarf. When the dwarf — fed by a companion star — gets too heavy, a runaway thermonuclear reaction ignites in its core, producing a fireball bright enough to outshine surrounding galaxies.
But the culprit behind the dwarf’s mass gain is still a mystery: Although scientists know a companion star is feeding the dwarf, they don’t know what type of star that companion is.
Now, astronomers from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge have answered that question for a centuries-old explosion. The team focused on a bubble-shaped remnant — the remains of a type 1a explosion that occurred 400 years ago — in the nearby galaxy the Large Magellanic Cloud. The remnant, called SNR0509-67.5, now spans 23 light years.
“It’s a beautifully symmetric remnant,” says graduate student Ashley Pagnotta, a coauthor on the team’s paper, which appears in the January 12 Nature. “We could find the center very precisely.”
The bubble’s center is the likely site of the explosion, and, since a large companion star would have survived the explosion and been flung outward at a predictable speed, the team calculated how far from that point a companion might have traveled over the last 400 years.
But they saw no stars within that region, suggesting that the star responsible for inflating the dwarf to explosive proportions was also destroyed. That result pointed to a second white dwarf as the companion, which instead of being chucked from the epicenter would have been shredded and destroyed.
“That’s not what we’d expected,” Pagnotta says. “This is the first supernova for which we’ve been able to make a definitive claim like that.”
Scientists have differing theories about what kind of star feeds a white dwarf. Some, like Pagnotta, suggest a second white dwarf; others think the companion must be a larger, main-sequence star like the sun — or bigger. Different starting ingredients might produce supernovas with different light curves and spectra — the output that lets scientists measure cosmological distances and calculate the rate of the universe’s expansion.
Understanding type 1a “progenitor” systems is crucial for refining these measurements and seeing how the resulting explosions differ, says astronomer Peter Nugent of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California. “I think now we’re seeing really good evidence that supernovas have all the possible progenitors that people have looked at,” he says. “I don’t think it’ll screw things up. I think it’ll make things better.”
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Why is reliability important in data collection? What are the main challenges inherent in collecting reliable data?
As we use statistical data to inform our lives and society, we need them to be both accurate and precise. Therefore, collecting quality data is the true challenge and art of producing reliable, constructive statistics.
Keep reading to learn about the importance of reliability in data collection.
The Value of Reliable Data
The “math part” of statistics is the easy part since we do most statistical analyses on a computer, and the statistics formulas themselves are unchanging and easy to look up. Therefore, once we know enough about statistics to understand which formulas to use and what the resulting statistics mean, the calculations component is simply a matter of plugging data into our chosen equations.
Since statistics themselves are relatively “easy” to calculate, Wheelan explains that well-meaning people produce misleading statistics all the time. He notes that many of the statistics we encounter are mathematically precise (if you repeated your calculations you’d get the same result) but factually inaccurate (even though your numbers are “tight,” they’re wrong). In other words, the numbers hold up to scrutiny but they don’t accurately explain a situation.
For example, you could use statistics to present a compelling link between cold weather and an increase in cold and flu cases. But, if you were to publish your results “proving that the cold causes colds,” you’d be using precise figures to promote inaccurate conclusions because you haven’t even addressed the role of viruses.
Precise but inaccurate statistics happen when our calculations are correct, but the data that went into those calculations were inaccurate, incomplete, or not applicable to our research question.
Data Is a Big Business Data isn’t just the backbone of reliable research—it’s big business. Wheelan reminds us that in our technology-driven society, we, the technology users, are a constant source of data for companies like Facebook, which use the data we generate every day to increase their profits. We might not think of the data we create as individuals as having monetary value, but in 2019, Facebook made over $164 from each of its Canadian and American subscribers. This works out to roughly 10 cents per like! These numbers add up: In 2019 Facebook and Google earned $230 billion, mainly from running ads guided by user data. Wheelan explains that “big data” isn’t inherently good or bad. The availability of data today opens doors to research and insight that wouldn’t have been possible just a few years ago. But the practice of collecting users’ data online and in public spaces also opens up a host of ethical considerations about privacy and the appropriate use of that data. Therefore, Wheelan notes that we need to collectively consider the role we want data to play in running our society. |
Collecting Reliable Data
Obtaining reliable data in the complexity of the real world can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive.
The challenge of reliability in data collection is present at every level of a research project, from the minuscule details of the study to the overall research question itself. For example, Wheelan explains that even the wording of a survey question can skew the results. In our earlier dog park example, for instance, we could phrase our question as “Do you support the construction of a dog park in town?” or “Do you support a tax increase to fund the construction of a dog park in town?” and get different survey results.
Timing is an additional challenge for medicine and social sciences research, as we’re often interested in outcomes that happen months, years, decades, or even generations after a “treatment” or event. For example, if we were interested in the impact of a mother’s diet during pregnancy on her child’s food allergies, we might have to wait years to collect our data.
Collecting enough data to obtain a reliable dataset can also be expensive. Researchers often have to track randomly selected people down or sort through mountains of literature to obtain the data they are looking for. Provided researchers are not working for free, a commitment to collecting reliable data can add up financially for those funding the research.
Paying for Research Participation As Wheelan discusses, collecting data on medical research questions can be particularly problematic from an ethical perspective. Despite criticism, paying participants to be part of medical research studies is a historic and common practice in the US. Walter Reed paid volunteers to allow themselves to be bitten by mosquitoes, and even offered an additional stipend to any volunteer who subsequently contracted yellow fever. Critics of financial incentives for research participation argue that paying people for participation can be seen as a form of coercion, and can lead people to accept risks that they wouldn’t otherwise find acceptable (particularly people who find themselves in financially vulnerable positions). Proponents of the practice argue that providing financial incentives may be the only way to get people to participate (especially healthy people) in potentially life-saving research studies. |
———End of Preview———
Like what you just read? Read the rest of the world's best book summary and analysis of Charles Wheelan's "Naked Statistics" at Shortform .
Here's what you'll find in our full Naked Statistics summary :
- An explanation and breakdown of statistics into digestible terms
- How statistics can inform collective decision-making
- Why learning statistics is an exercise in self-empowerment
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What is the Sarbat Khalsa?
The Sarbat Khalsa is a Gurmat-based decision making system born out of the gift Guru Gobind Singh Ji left us in 1708 – when he passed guruship onto Guru Granth Sahib Ji and the collective Guru Khalsa Panth.
When split into its two constituent terms, Sarbat means Entire and Khalsa refers to Amritdhari Sikhs. Thus, a Sarbat Khalsa, means a meeting of the entire Khalsa Panth, in which the Guru Khalsa Panth use Guru Granth Sahib Ji as a guide to create a Gurmata (mata: “a counsel or resolution on an actionable matter” and “Gur-” indicates that the entire process and outcome happened in concordance with the Guru’s teachings). .
The Sarbat Khalsa is the perfect embodiment of Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji’s idea of Miri Piri. Where Miri is the temporal or material power – embodied by the Guru Khalsa Panth, and Piri is the spiritual power given to us by the Guru Granth Sahib Ji.
The Ideal Process
Normally, a Sarbat Khalsa occurs at the Akal Takht, but the right of calling a Sarbat Khalsa need not be reserved to the Jathedar of the Akal Takht. Especially as the sovereignty of the Akal Takht has been compromised by politics in Punjab and India.
Apart from this, the Sarbat Khalsa is a gathering which begins with an ardaas and occurs in the presence of Guru Granth Sahib Ji, reminding participants of their spiritual master. All the participants have an equal say in the process, and by the end, as John Malcolm observed in A Sketch of the Sikhs; “all internal disputes” were forgotten, and there was “complete union in one cause” (Malcolm & Kapur, 2007). Any animosities between different individuals are set aside. The vices: arrogance, greed, anger, lust and attachment we carry as individuals are nullified through this meeting with Guru Sahib. It is the “supreme sovereign body” and has the ability to “direct the affairs of [our] community” (Singh, 1998).
The goal of a Sarbat Khalsa is unique to other systems, as we do not seek the agreement of the majority. Those systems as mentioned earlier, lead to the disillusionment of the minority. Instead, we look for consensus (agreement), before reaching a Gurmata. Until reaching a consensus, participating members look for solutions that all (instead of just the majority) can agree to, and in this way we safeguard the interests of all (Sarbat).
What has the Sarbat Khalsa been used for in the Past?
The Sarbat Khalsa is an institution which over the years has fallen into disuse, at least compared to the frequency with which they were convened during the 18th century.
According to sources, the first recorded Sarbat Khalsa occurred in 1723. This Sarbat Khalsa was called to resolve a conflict between two groups of Sikhs: the Bandai Khalsa and the Tat Khalsa. The Bandai Khalsa were followers of Banda Singh Bahadur and the Tat Khalsa were the followers of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The resolution of this conflict (aided by Bhai Mani Singh) was an encouraging step for the further use of the Sarbat Khalsa in the future.
Moving forward in the 17th century, some Gurmataey that were passed by the Sarbat Khalsa include but are not limited to:
- Resisting established governments
- Taking up arms against the Mughals
- Organization of the Sikhs into 11 groups known as misls and combating the invasions of Ahmed Shah Durrani (as detailed by Rattan Singh Bhangu)
As Maharaja Ranjit Singh began to gain more power, he wished to unify the whole of Punjab. A decision-making system, like the Sarbat Khalsa, would undermine his power as ruler; instead, giving power to the Panth. As such, under his influence the Sarbat Khalsa was abandoned with the last assembly occurring in 1805. Although Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s rule is fondly remembered as the Khalsa Raj, it is also characterized by a regression in certain Sikhi values (as seen by the abandonment of the Sarbat Khalsa and Gurmata institution).
The Sarbat Khalsa was redeemed during the Gurdwara Reform Movement as Sikhs tried to take back power over their gurdwaras away from Mahants (British appointed governors) in the early 1920s. By now, some Sikhs had migrated out of Punjab. As such, not all of the Sikhs were included in the Sarbat Khalsa. This inclusion of Sikhs in the diaspora is a problem that re-appears throughout history – as recently as 2015.
In the modern era, the Sarbat Khalsa has been called twice, namely at the Akal Takht in 1986, and again in 2015. The former declared Punjab as Khalistan, due to the number of anti-Sikh actions occurring in India at that time. And the latter, re-affirmed the previous Sarbat Khalsa and appointed new Jathedars of the Takhts. This Sarbat Khalsa has also been widely criticized for a lack of openness about the selection process of the Jathedars, and the general behind the scenes of the whole process.
How could it be possible for the whole Panth to make progress on issues of such colossal scale?
At times, to me, reaching a consensus with the whole Panth feels like an impossible task. These days, getting anyone to agree with you about anything is becoming more and more difficult. Simply trying to convince my friends that Messi is a better soccer player than Ronaldo leaves us all in an angry daze.
Here, Bhai Gurdaas Ji offers us some optimism in his Vaars:
ਪਰਮੇਸਰ ਹੈਪੰਜ ਮਿ ਲਿ ਲੇਖ ਅਲੇਖ ਨ ਕੀਮਤਿ ਪਾਈ।
ਪੰਜ ਮਿ ਲੇਪਰਪੰਚ ਤਜਿ ਅਨਹਦ ਸਬਦ ਸਬਦਿ ਲਿ ਵ ਲਾਈ।
ਸਾਧਸੰਗਤਿ ਸੋਹਨਿ ਗੁਰ ਭਾਈ ॥੬॥
Where five sit, the Divine is there; this mystery of the indescribable Divine cannot be comprehended.
But only when those five reject hypocrisy and merge their minds into the Shabad,
Then the Sangat is considered the collective Guru.
Bhai Gurdas, Vaar 29 Page 6.
The assembly of Sikhs who follow Guru’s teachings are considered the Khalsa Panth, and they collectively embody Guru Sahib. As highlighted throughout the history of the Sarbat Khalsa, these gatherings have been used to create revolutions, to resist oppression and foster unity in our religion. This system is the decision-making process that makes sure that all voices are heard, and that on an individual level we all have a place within the collective Khalsa Panth.
But then what’s gone wrong?
There were a great many problems with the last Sarbat Khalsa, but it begins with a lack of representation. Firstly, this system needs to be revitalized for our current situation. Sikhs are all across the world and the Sarbat Khalsa is not limited to only Sikhs living in Punjab. The involvement of Sikhs in the diaspora is crucial for the proper functioning of this institution. Next, the representation of Kaurs or Amritdhari women is severely lacking. During the 17th century, there was no documentation of women participating in those Sarbat Khalsa gatherings. Although this could be attributed to the fact that no women were the heads of their misls or that this was simply the attitude of that time – there is no doubt that this must change in today’s day and age!
Lastly, we are easily infiltrated by outside forces which undermine the sovereignty of our Panth. For example, in 2015 the Punjab government – fearing the outcome of the Sarbat Khalsa, deterred Sikhs from participating in it. The Punjab government questioned the legitimacy of the Sarbat Khalsa, as it was not called by the Jathedar of the Akal Takht (whom they themselves had appointed). The power to select the Jathedar of the Akal Takht resides not with the SGPC, but with the entire Khalsa – the Sarbat Khalsa. The Jathedar is not a position that acts as the ruler of the entire Sikh nation, but is simply a caretaker who reflects the wishes of the entire Panth. Paradoxically, if the SGPC selects the Jathedar of the Akal Takht, then that person does not reflect the Panth’s wishes – as they were not chosen by the Panth. What’s more, is that if the Panth wishes to hold a Sarbat Khalsa, the Jathedar must either call the Sarbat Khalsa, or be overruled. The Jathedar is not an authoritative figure like the Pope or some type of ruler. They simply work alongside the Panth as a “spokesperson” to decree hukamnamas from the Akal Takht. These hukamnamas are not based upon the Jathedar’s own wishes, but ones that the Sarbat Khalsa have deliberated upon.
It can be easy to be discouraged by the lack of cohesion of the Panth, and the neglect of the Sarbat Khalsa by many. But as time goes on, we realize more and more how disenfranchised we are. We come to realize that the Guru is our support and that the Panth is our consciousness. Upon seeing the power in that village of Chabba, Amritsar during the 2015 Sarbat Khalsa and hearing the Jaikara ring through the crowd:
It fills me with nothing but hope. Going forward, the advent of technology, our ease of access to information, and the rise of prominent Sikhs in the diaspora continue to inspire. We must continue to find solutions for Sikhs in the diaspora to get involved, to rid our religious spaces of external government influences, and to create safe spaces where women and other groups like non-Punjabi Sikhs can freely participate in the Sarbat Khalsa.
As Guru Gobind Singh Ji has said in Sarbloh Granth:
ਇਨ ਗਰੀਬ ਸਿ ਖਨ ਕੋਦਿ ਊਂ ਪਾਤਸ਼ਾਹੀ || ਯਹ ਯਾਦ ਰਖੇਂਹਮਰੀ ਗੁਰਿ ਆਈ ||
“I bestow upon these oppressed Sikhs royalty. Let them remember (and follow the example) of my Guruship.”
Let us use the Guru’s example to try and organize our Panth for the betterment of all (Sarbat Da Bhalla). And when that task seems too hard, when it seems impossible, may Waheguru bless us to remember that: our Guru gave us the duty to be the army that fights for justice. And to achieve justice we must continue to safeguard and put into practice the Sarbat Khalsa, which allows for our sovereignty to remain unimpeached for generations to come.
ਭੁਲ ਚੁਕ ਮਾਫ,
ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕਾ ਖਾਲਸਾ, ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਕੀ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ!
Baghael Kaur and Rapinder Kaur. “Consensus Building Among 30 Million Sikhs: Reviving the Tradition of Sarbat Khalsa in a Global Conte”. YouTube, uploaded by SikhRI, 25 Mar. 2016, https://youtu.be/nfvweoPVNiE.
Dilgeer, Harjinder Singh. “The so-Called Jathedar of Akal Takhat Sahib.” Akal Takhat and Jathedar, https://www.sikhmarg.com/english/akal.html.
Free Akal Takht, https://www.freeakaltakht.org/.
“Inni Kaur: Sarbat Khalsa: Sikhri Articles.” SikhRi, https://sikhri.org/articles/sarbat-khalsa.
“Khushwant Singh: Sarbat Khalsa & Gurmata: Sikhri Articles.” RSS, https://sikhri.org/articles/sarbat-khalsa-gurmata.
“Official Resolutions from Sarbat Khalsa 2015.” Sikh24.Com, 11 Nov. 2015, https://www.sikh24.com/2015/11/11/official-resolutions-from-sarbat-khalsa-2015/.
Romana, Karamjit Kaur. “Sarbat Khalsa and Gurmatta in Sikh Panth.” Www.ijcrt.org, 2018, https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1802977.pdf.
Sandhu, Amandeep. “Subverting a Popular Movement: How the Sarbat Khalsa Was Hijacked by Radical Sikh Bodies.” The Caravan, 11 Nov. 2015, https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/sarbat-khalsa-hijacked-by-radical-sikh-bodies.
“Sarbat Khalsa.” Kaur Life, 31 Aug. 2016, https://kaurlife.org/2015/11/10/sarbat-khalsa-everything-you-want-to-know/.
“Sarbat Khalsa.” Sarbat Khalsa – SikhiWiki, Free Sikh Encyclopedia., https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Sarbat_Khalsa.
Singh, Gurtej. “Sikh Intellectual Gurtej Singh on Basics of Sarbat Khalsa Institution”. YouTube, uploaded by SikhSiyasat, 18 Apr. 2020. https://youtu.be/EkI-_InH17U.
Singh, Harinder. “Harinder Singh: How Sikhs Can Free Akal Takht: Sikhri Articles.” SikhRi, https://sikhri.org/articles/how-sikhs-can-free-akal-takht.
Links for Further Reading:
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https://www.sikhteens.org/post/the-sarbat-khalsa
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Dates of execution
Erasmus+, cooperation for innovation. Strategic Partnerships for adult education
The project aims to create innovative learning pathways that increase the quality of the work of educators and staff members dealing with students with Special Learning Disorders (SpLD), using 3D Printing and Augmented Reality (AR).
SpLD is a type of Neurodevelopment Disorder that does not allow the ability to learn or use specific academic skills in one or more areas of reading, writing, math, listening comprehension, and expressive language, which are the bases for other academic learning. For this reason, students with SpLD need special and inclusive learning pathways and tools for increasing their opportunities to reach proper learning outcomes. Furthermore, people often realise they have a learning disorder already in adulthood and this makes it more difficult to reach proper learning outcomes.
The use of 3D printing and AR technology will transform how people with SpLD will learn by offering a multi-sensory experience to them. For the development of Multi-sensory methods and methodology, the new technologies (3D Printing and AR) can be useful tools for developing new inclusive tools.
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https://www.skills-divers.eu/en/brave-new-words-innovative-educational-tools-for-training-and-teaching-people-with-special-learning-disorders/
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2025-06-23T19:23:22Z
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On the afternoon of June 5, 1895, the John Evenson was preparing to tow a much larger ship, the I.W. Stephenson, into the Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal in Door County, Wisconsin. As the wooden steam tugboat’s crew tried to grab a line from the I.W. Stephenson, the smaller vessel sailed in front of the bigger one—and the two ships collided.
The John Evenson sank to the bottom of Lake Michigan in just three minutes. Four crew members were flung into the water and later rescued. But the tugboat’s engineer, Martin Boswell, had been working below deck during the collision. He never made it to safety.
The vessel’s final resting place has been a mystery for 129 years—until now.
A few weeks ago, two maritime historians found the wreck of the John Evenson five miles off the coast of Algoma, Wisconsin. The ship is resting on the lake bed roughly 42 feet below the surface.
In 1895, the wreck had been “widely reported” in marine newspapers, according to a statement from the Wisconsin Underwater Archaeology Association. But accounts of where the 54-foot-long ship went down varied widely: Some publications reported that the vessel sank in 50 feet of water, while others claimed it had been 300 feet.
Divers have been trying to find the John Evenson since the 1980s, with one local dive club even offering a $500 cash reward to anyone who succeeded. But the wreck remained hidden.
Recently, maritime historians Brendon Baillod and Bob Jaeck decided to take up the search once again. They started by reading everything they could find about the wreck, including the report written after the fact by John Laurie, the ship’s captain. When they mapped all the locations mentioned in the archival documents, they noticed that several were clustered in the same small area.
Armed with this information, they set out to find the John Evenson. On the morning of September 13, the duo embarked on a three-day search expedition. Lake Michigan’s waves were rough that day, and the water was 15 feet deeper than they had expected, reports the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel’s Caitlin Looby.
They decided to deploy their side-scan sonar equipment anyway. Just a few minutes later, as they were tuning the sonar signals, the shape of a huge boiler appeared on the display screen. The two men were shocked.
“We just couldn’t believe it,” Jaeck recalled in a video announcing the discovery. “We actually hadn’t even started our search. We were just getting the equipment up and going.”
They dropped a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) into the water to confirm that the wreck was the John Evenson. The ROV showed the vessel’s boiler, as well as its steam engine, giant propeller and hull-bed.
“It was almost like the wreck wanted to be found,” Baillod tells the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel.
Baillod and Jaeck contacted Tamara Thomsen, the state underwater archaeologist for Wisconsin, to let her know what they’d discovered. The next day, Thomsen and diver Zach Whitrock arrived at the site to document the John Evenson.
They snapped more than 2,000 high-resolution underwater photos, which allowed them to create a 3D photogrammetry model of the wreck. Moving forward, the team hopes to nominate the wreck for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places; they also want to make it available to recreational divers.
For Baillod and Jaeck, the past few years have been a busy—and fruitful—time for shipwreck hunting. Last year, they found the schooner Trinidad in Lake Michigan roughly ten miles off the coast of Algoma. Earlier this summer, they found the Margaret A. Muir, a 130-foot schooner that sank to the bottom of Lake Michigan during a storm in 1893.
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Mindfulness & Meditation
Although meditation and mindfulness have been practiced for thousands of years, we only now have scientific evidence of the benefits of these practices.
Mediation and mindfulness are very beneficial when it comes to improving concentration and memory. Approximately 1 in 4 people in the UK and US suffer from some sort of sleep disorder. A research study showed that 75% of people who suffer from insomnia, who took up a regular meditation practice, were able to fall asleep within 20 minutes of going to sleep. There are also the more subjective benefits reported from people who have adopted a regular mediation practice, including myself, of experiencing equanimity, greater clarity and peace of mind, higher levels of energy and wellbeing.
Meditation has been proved to have a positive effect on blood pressure, diabetes, assiting in responding positively to treatment. There is also conclusive edvidence on the positive effect of mediation on the cardiovascular system. meditation also helps in the management of chronic pain. These are all physiological benefits.
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https://www.the-turning-point.co.uk/mindfulness-meditation
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While wind energy is undoubtedly a much more planet-friendly method of generating electricity than traditional dirty energy sources like gas and oil, the wind industry has the same issue that plagues many sources of renewable energy. The energy itself is clean, but the methods used to create the technology are not as planet-friendly as they could be.
For example, while electric vehicles do not create planet-overheating pollution, the batteries that power them require the mining of rare-earth metals. For wind energy, the manufacturing of wind turbines creates waste and uses non-renewable materials.
The Virginia Tech team — using a $2 million grant from the Department of Energy — is approaching this problem from two angles. Firstly, they are developing a method of 3D-printing the turbines, cutting down on waste. Secondly, they are employing a novel polymer composite material that is completely recyclable.
"Although the energy generated by wind turbines is green, the materials they are made of are not recyclable, create a tremendous amount of waste, and blade manufacturing is quite arduous," said Chris Williams, a Virginia Tech mechanical engineering professor leading the project. "Our proposed project is looking to dramatically reduce waste, completely eliminate all hazardous materials, and enable 3D printing of a completely recyclable wind turbine."
Wind energy — particularly offshore wind — is on the rise in the United States as the government aims for various clean energy benchmarks, such as 30 gigawatts of offshore wind by 2030. Improving the processes used to create these wind turbines and making them more sustainable can only aid in achieving these necessary goals.
"We have a novel material design that, when processed through 3D printing, not only produces the properties that are traditionally used to make up wind turbine blades, but are also wholly recyclable," Michael Bortner, associate professor in Virginia Tech's Department of Chemical Engineering, said. "So if the blades get damaged or reach their end of life, we can break them down, reprocess them, and 3D-print them again into new blades."
Join our free newsletter for weekly updates on the coolest innovations improving our lives and saving our planet.
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https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/3d-printing-wind-turbines-virginia-tech/
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Date of discovery: December 2015
Location of discovery: Austria
News source: http://mysteriousuniverse.org/2015/12/ancient-tablet-looks-like-cell-phone-with-cuneiform-keys/
It is evident from this cell phone like device that someone with an advanced knowledge of the future created it. The language is said to go back tens of thousands of years, but I remember a drawing of it that looked similar to the writing here. I can no longer find the drawings of it, but they said it was millions of years old and found in a coal mine, but was destroyed by the tunneling later. Very cool discovery.
Scott C. Waring
Archaeologists digging in Austria found an ancient clay tablet that looks like a cell or cordless phone with keys etched with cuneiform characters that would imply it originally came from Mesopotamia. What is it? Is it evidence of an advanced civilization or time travel? The tablet was reportedly found earlier this year by archaeologists digging in Fuschl am See, a city in the Austrian state of Salzburg. There’s not much information on what the researchers were digging for in this region but it probably wasn’t cuneiform tablets. Yet that’s what they found. Even more shocking, the tablet strongly resembles the cell phones they were most likely using to take pictures of it. The tablet was dated to around the 13th century BCE. By that time, the Sumerian writing style known as cuneiform had already been around for a few thousand years. Cuneiform tablets aren’t unusual – an estimated 2 million have been excavated. The language was a mystery until the 19th century when its code was deciphered. (more at source.)
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Learn what essential oils really are and how to use them safely through skin or inhalation.
Alternative therapies can be used as complementary treatments for a variety of health conditions. Patients may try these treatments alongside or instead of conventional therapies. Often, these therapies have roots in traditional medicines from around the globe. One such example is essential oil treatment, which reaches as far back as 3000 B.C.E.—and it’s still popular today. Over the centuries, essential oils have treated a variety of ailments all over the world.
So, are essential oils right for you? Let’s find out.
What are essential oils?
An essential oil is a concentrated plant extract that keeps the natural smell and taste of its source. Obtained through pressing or distillation, essential oils are derived from the aromatic components often found in the leaves, bark, or peels of plants. Special crushing or steaming processes release the plants’ natural aromas. It takes a lot of plants to create just a small amount of pure essential oil—sometimes in the range of hundreds of pounds of a plant for just one pound of oil.
There are many essential oils used in aromatherapy, including Roman chamomile, lavender, cedarwood, ginger, bergamot, and lemon.1 The biochemical structure of each plant’s oil affects the smell, absorption, and effects on the body.
You can find essential oils in a variety of domestic products from perfumes and cosmetics to foods, beverages, and cleaning products. More recently, essential oils have become popular for their healing properties when used in aromatherapy. This treatment uses oils to improve physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.
How to use essential oils
Essential oils are most often used for aromatherapy or through topical application.
Aromatherapy can be administered by indirect inhalation, direct inhalation, or massage.
- Indirect inhalation: The patient sits in a room with a diffuser (or another source) with the essential oil.
- Direct inhalation: The patient uses an inhaler with the essential oil in it to breathe the oil in.
- Massage: The patient (or a practitioner) applies a mixture of the essential oil and a “carrier oil”—which helps reduce the chance of skin irritation—to the skin. This can also be paired with direct or indirect inhalation.
Bath salts, lotions, or bandages that contain an essential oil can also be used for aromatherapy. Essential oils may also be found in household products like air fresheners, cleaning products, and more.
Uses of essential oils in health care
- Cancer: Essential oils may have some anticancer properties, though research in this area is inconclusive.3 When used in conjunction with standard medical treatments, essential oils may help manage cancer symptoms or side effects of treatment.2
- Gastrointestinal: Peppermint essential oil has been the most studied for its effects on the gastrointestinal system and for relief of symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and irritable bowel syndrome.4
- Anxiety/Relaxation: Lavender can have calming effects and may enhance sleep.4
- Minor burns: Lavender essential oil may have some effectiveness in treating minor burns.4
- Pain management: Studies have shown some effectiveness of essential oils in pain relief. Aromatherapy, in conjunction with approved pain management procedures, may help relieve pain and produces no negative side effects.4
As with other medications and treatments, some people may have adverse reactions to some essential oils. Because essential oils come from natural sources, they are believed to be harmless. However, some can cause harm if used directly on the skin.1 Others and can be poisonous if ingested.1 Furthermore, the misuse of essential oils can cause serious side effects, such as allergic or hormonal reactions or rashes. It’s important that you only buy oils from a provider you trust.
Another concern is the danger essential oils may cause to pets, even when used in a diffuser. Those with pets should not use essential oil diffusers in their homes and should research the potential effects of any oils on their domestic animals before using them.9
For more information on what is known about different essential oils, please visit the National Capital Poison Center.
Essential oils are not going away anytime soon. The global market for essential oils was estimated at over $20 billion in 2011—and was expected to grow 10 percent annually.4 With that in mind, understanding the potential benefits and dangers is very important. With 40 percent of the essential oil market being sold and used in the U.S. alone, it is imperative that providers and patients feel comfortable having conversations around alternative therapies.
If you are interested in using essential oils, make sure you do your research—as you would with any supplement or medicine you are considering. Finding a company with a 100-percent-pure and tested product is important, as is understanding how to administer the essential oils for your conditions. Remember to question health claims on products and, when in doubt, discuss these products with your provider.
1Aromatherapy. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. No date. Updated 2017 December 5. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/aromatherapy
2Aromatherapy with Essential Oils (PDQ®)–PatientVersion. National Cancer Institute. No date. Updated 2019 November 7. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/patient/aromatherapy-pdq
3Blowman K, Magalhães M, Lemos MFL, Cabral C, Pires IM. Anticancer Properties of Essential Oils and Other Natural Products. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2018;2018:3149362. Published 2018 Mar 25. doi:10.1155/2018/3149362
4Boesl R, Saarinen H. Essential Oil Education for Health Care Providers. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2016;15(6):38–40. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312835/
5Elshafie HS, Camele I. An Overview of the Biological Effects of Some Mediterranean Essential Oils on Human Health. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:9268468. doi:10.1155/2017/9268468
6Essential Oils. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. No date. Updated 2019 October 1. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/essential-oils/index.cfm
7Essential Oils: Poisonous when Misused. National Capital Poison Center. No date. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.poison.org/articles/2014-jun/essential-oils
8Firenzuoli F, Jaitak V, Horvath G, Bassolé IH, Setzer WN, Gori L. Essential oils: new perspectives in human health and wellness. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:467363. doi:10.1155/2014/467363
9Is the Latest Home Trend Harmful to Your Pets? What You Need to Know. American Society of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 2018 January 17. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.aspca.org/news/latest-home-trend-harmful-your-pets-what-you-need-know
10Lakhan SE, Sheafer H, Tepper D. The Effectiveness of Aromatherapy in Reducing Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain Res Treat. 2016;2016:8158693. doi:10.1155/2016/8158693
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This article is an adaptation of the introduction to J. Curt Stager’s Deep Future: The Next 100,000 Years of Life on Earth(Thomas Dunne Books, an imprint of St. Martin’s Press), published here courtesy of the author and publisher.
This excerpt appears in two parts. Part II is printed below. To Read Part I, in which Stager describes two scenarios–one moderate, one extreme–as possible results of our response to climate change, click here.
We still have time to choose between these scenarios. And although climatic instability, both in the near-term warming and subsequent cooling phases to come, is likely to cause great problems for many of our descendants, it’s not going to end the human race altogether. Considering all that Homo sapiens has been through in the geologic past, it’s clear that our species is too tough, diverse, and resourceful to be killed off completely by a climatic shift, especially as some parts of the Earth become more hospitable to humans in a warmer future, particularly in the far north. As coastal regions sink under the rising sea, regions just inland will become oceanfront property. Where one region becomes drier, another may become wetter. And as some familiar cultures fade away, others will be born. This is not meant to make light of the seriousness of the situation; rather, it’s to make the opposite point. Our newly revealed influence on the deep future means that our decisions really do matter, because people are going to have to live through whatever version of the world we leave for them.
But taking a long view of the future for a huge and complicated planet isn’t easy, and a confusing mosaic of positive and negative responses to human-driven warming is already under way. Polar bears, ringed seals, and beluga whales are beginning to suffer from the shrinkage of Arctic sea ice, but that change is also allowing brown bears, harbor seals, and orcas to move into new territories. An increasingly ice-free Arctic threatens traditional Inuit hunting cultures, but it’s also opening sea routes for trade between Atlantic and Pacific nations and is likely to support new polar fisheries. And while melting ice pushes the oceans up and over our coastlines, it also unveils new farmland and mineral resources in Greenland, which may prosper as a result.
In light of this mix of pluses and minuses, how can we best decide what the climatic settings of future ecosystems and cultures should be like in 100,000 AD, not to mention 2100 AD?
Thanks to the great reach of our carbon legacy, we in this century are endowed with the power – some might say the honor – to affect future generations for what amounts to eternity, and our far-reaching effects on what were once purely mechanistic processes now raise new ethical questions. Any choices we make will bring benefits to some descendents and harm to others, and the complexity of this puzzle grows as we look farther forward in time. For example, losing the ice on the Arctic Ocean may seem like an awful disaster to us, but imagine how peoples of the deep future will feel as the inexorable cooling recovery threatens what will by then have become ancient, open-water ecosystems. Elders may then whisper, “I don’t remember ice forming here when I was a kid. If this keeps up, the whole polar ocean may eventually freeze over. What should we do?”
Few rational people would seriously argue that choosing an extreme emissions scenario is preferable to a moderate one, or that either scenario is preferable to no carbon pollution at all. But even in a moderate case, enough fossil carbon will remain in the air 50,000 years from now to prevent the next ice age, which natural orbital cycles would otherwise have triggered then. In essence, this means that by unwittingly causing a near-term climate crisis, we have also saved future versions of Canada and northern Eurasia from obliteration under mile-thick sheets of grinding glacial ice. That’s a welcome bit of good news over the super-long term, but it also means that choosing a moderate emissions scenario over an extreme one could amount to sentencing later generations to glacial devastation. Another ice age is due in 130,000 AD, and a moderate emissions pulse will have dissipated too much by then to stop it. Must we therefore sacrifice one set of generations for the sake of another, or can some better solution be found?
Saving the world with a minimum of collateral damage may be impossibly difficult, especially considering the limits of human altruism and today’s political demagoguery and media hype. But the work of Archer and others like him give us a fresh view of the whole situation, not just our own relatively tiny blip of time and home turf. Hopefully, it will help to support a more productive global conversation about what lies before us and what we should do about it.
Here’s one idea in that regard. If we leave most of our coal reserves in the ground rather than burning them when other energy sources are capable of doing the same work, then we not only avoid the most extreme consequences of near-term climate change; we also bequeath that fossil carbon in a naturally sequestered form to later generations who may want to use it as a defense against future ice ages. The required switch to alternative fuels is inevitable anyway, because we’ll either do it soon by choice or be forced to do it later. Who knows what cultures and technologies may be like by then, but even neo-stone age peoples could mobilize heat-trapping greenhouse gases by setting exposed coal seams alight if they so desired. Leaving the decision to them not only relieves us of that responsibility; it would also reduce environmental damage in the near term and stretch the useful life of carbon reserves over millions of years, perhaps even long enough to regenerate some of them in geological formations.
If we want to “save the world” over a truly long time frame, then perhaps that’s one more good reason to save the carbon. Save it for later, for higher purposes than simple furnace food and for the benefit of both near- and far-future generations. To me, that sounds like a win-win strategy that all of us should be able to support.
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https://www.utne.com/environment/curt-stager-deep-future-life-after-global-warming-part-two/
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Consumer Protection 3 - Challenging Greenwashing - Reprinted with kind permission from the Conversation
Greenwashing: how ads get you to think brands are greener than they are – and how to avoid falling for it
Morteza Abolhasani, The Open University; Gordon Liu, The Open University, and Zahra Golrokhi, The Open UniversityAds are ubiquitous in many people’s lives, whether on billboards across our cities or on our phones as we’re tracked across the internet. That’s a huge amount of power and influence. For example, ads which appeal to eco-conscious consumers have the potential to dramatically affect public perceptions of how brands are addressing climate change.
The green advertising trend – featuring ads that explicitly or implicitly address the relationship between a product or service and the natural environment, promote a green lifestyle, or present a corporation as environmentally responsible – is growing fast. Many ads now feature a range of clever tactics, from filling your screen with green to using vague terms like “all-natural”, designed to convince you the products they’re selling are good for the planet.
But are these ads truly reflective of improvement when it comes to production practices, or is this just another example of greenwashing – when companies present an exaggerated or even false image of having a positive impact on the environment? Thanks to a growing body of research, there are a number of things you can look out for to tell the difference.
As more and more people’s eyes are opened to the harsh reality of climate change and the damaging role consumerism has to play in accelerating it, brands are realising the need to “put green first” if they want to sell their services. As a result, the last three decades have seen environmental advertising flourish.
In reaction, research on green advertising began to emerge in the early 1990s. Although it’s been relatively scarce, growing numbers of academics have been examining how people respond to green ads – and how realistic these ads actually are.
Even back in 2009, a survey found that 80% of marketers were preparing to increase spending on green marketing to target more environmentally conscious consumers. And research since has stressed the importance of developing the appropriate blend of communication and messaging techniques in an advert to get those with environmental concerns interested.
Studies suggest that people’s emotional affinity towards nature has a strong positive influence on their levels of green consumption. And since eco-friendly products are also often more expensive, ads for them tend to play on people’s emotions – rather than focusing on the functional benefits of the products – to encourage purchase.
Some companies, however, try to create this effect without the facts to back it – “greenwashing”. Greenwashed ads present confusing or misleading claims that lack concrete information about the actual environmental impacts of whatever’s being advertised. They often involve emotional appeals that make you feel good about helping the environment, when the reality is less palatable.
In one of the most recent studies on green advertising published in the European Journal of Marketing, we’ve investigated the role that ad music plays in consumers’ green buying choices. We created radio advertisements for two fictitious green brands (an electric car and a reusable coffee cup).
We found that adding upbeat, bright-sounding music to the ads made listeners feel better about the brand in question – and therefore more likely to buy from it – compared to when the same radio ad was accompanied by slow, sad music, fearful-sounding music, or no music at all.
With its strong emotive power, background music can be used as a “peripheral cue” in ads, along with green slogans, to make products seem more positive. But that means companies are able to misuse these emotional appeals to reinforce fabricated promises and weak claims surrounding sustainability.
If these claims are publicly debunked, it tends to result in consumer scepticism about the validity of any sustainability assertions. This is an unfortunate barrier for brands that actually offer eco-friendly products, who are less likely to be taken seriously as a result.
Green claims are frequently used to get people to buy products that simply aren’t inherently environmentally friendly: from recyclable plastic bottles and disposable coffee cups to flights and combustion cars marketed as having a “lower” – but in reality still very high – impact on the environment.
As an example, oil giant BP was alleged to have been misleading customers through an advertising campaign launched in 2019. The ads were accused of creating a potentially deceptive impression of the company by focusing on its renewable energy investments, while oil and gas still make up a significant proportion of its business. BP withdrew the adverts in question in February 2020.
Indeed, fossil fuel firms are among the biggest spenders on Google ads that look like search results, which campaigners believe is an example of endemic greenwashing.
The backlash against greenwashing has led to strategies like “anti-advertising”, a tactic using marketing to explicitly encourage people to buy less. Companies who’ve adopted this strategy, including REI and Patagonia, claim that the test of a brand’s eco-friendly sincerity – or hypocrisy – is whether the products they sell are useful, durable and high quality, encouraging their customers to buy fewer things that last longer.
If you’re suspicious about a brand’s green credentials, look for independently produced evidence for the claims they’re making. The Advertising Standards Authority allows people to flag an ad, or make a complaint, if they suspect greenwashing is going on. And it’s also time for increased ad legislation to prevent companies hawking unsustainable products. This could be similar to UK requirements for influencers to mark their advertised content on Instagram.
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<urn:uuid:d2c779cd-ac71-4d49-9c74-1a433a63acfb>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.veronikawild.com/2023/04/consumer-protection-3-challenging.html
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2025-06-23T19:06:00Z
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Defining Cloud Computing
Cloud computing has transformed the way businesses operate, providing a flexible and efficient means of managing resources. At its core, cloud computing refers to the delivery of various services—including storage, computing power, and applications—over the internet. This technology allows organizations to access and utilize computing resources without needing to invest heavily in physical infrastructure. The significance of cloud computing lies in its ability to enhance scalability, improve collaboration, and reduce operational costs.
Understanding the different cloud service models is essential for anyone looking to navigate this space. The three primary models are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Each model caters to different needs and provides varying levels of control and management. In the following sections, we will delve deeper into these service models to clarify their functions and benefits.
Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is characterized by several key features that distinguish it from traditional computing methods. Understanding these characteristics is essential for anyone involved in technology or business management.
This feature allows users to provision computing resources as needed automatically, without requiring human interaction with each service provider. For instance, a startup can quickly spin up virtual servers to meet increasing demand without waiting for approval from IT personnel.
Broad network access
Cloud services are accessible over the internet from a variety of devices, including smartphones, tablets, and laptops. This broad network access enables users to work remotely and ensures that teams can collaborate seamlessly, regardless of their physical location.
Cloud providers use a multi-tenant model to serve multiple customers through a shared pool of resources. This pooling increases efficiency and optimizes resource usage. For example, resources such as storage and processing power are dynamically allocated and reassigned based on demand, which helps in maintaining cost-effectiveness.
Cloud computing allows for rapid scaling of resources up or down, depending on the requirements. This elasticity is particularly beneficial during peak times, such as holiday shopping seasons, when retailers can quickly scale their resources to handle increased traffic and revert to normal levels afterward.
Cloud services are monitored and reported, allowing customers to pay only for what they use. This model can significantly reduce costs, as organizations can avoid over-provisioning resources and only pay for additional services when necessary.
Types of Cloud Deployment Models
Cloud deployment models define how cloud services are shared and managed. Each model has its own set of benefits and limitations, making it essential for businesses to choose the right model for their specific needs.
The public cloud is managed by third-party cloud service providers, like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure. The benefits of this model include cost-effectiveness and scalability, as resources are shared among multiple customers. However, limitations include potential security concerns, as sensitive data may be stored on shared infrastructure.
A private cloud is dedicated to a single organization, providing enhanced security and control over data. This model is ideal for businesses that handle sensitive information, such as financial institutions or healthcare providers. The downside is that private clouds can be more expensive to maintain and require in-depth management expertise.
The hybrid cloud combines elements of both public and private clouds, allowing organizations to take advantage of both models. This approach provides greater flexibility, as businesses can store sensitive data in a private cloud while leveraging the scalability of public cloud resources for non-sensitive operations.
A community cloud is shared among several organizations with similar interests or requirements. This model promotes collaboration and resource sharing while ensuring compliance with specific regulations. An example includes governmental organizations that share a cloud infrastructure to manage public services effectively.
Essential Cloud Terminology
Understanding cloud computing requires familiarity with specific terminology. Here are some key terms that every A+ candidate should know.
Virtualization is the process that allows multiple virtual environments to run on a single physical machine. It is the backbone of cloud technology, enabling efficient resource utilization and cost savings. By abstracting hardware resources, virtualization allows providers to offer scalable solutions to customers.
Instances and images
Instances refer to virtual machines that run on cloud infrastructure, while images are templates used to create these instances. Understanding the relationship between the two is crucial for managing cloud environments effectively. For example, an organization may use a specific image to deploy multiple identical instances for testing purposes.
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) define how applications interact with cloud services. They enable developers to create applications that can communicate with cloud resources, making it easier to integrate various services and streamline workflows.
Containers are lightweight, portable units that package applications and their dependencies, allowing for consistent deployment across different environments. They provide an efficient way to develop and manage applications in the cloud, leading to improved collaboration and faster delivery times.
Understanding Bandwidth and Latency
Bandwidth and latency are two critical factors that influence cloud performance and user experience. Understanding the differences between them is essential for optimizing cloud applications.
Definitions and differences
Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given amount of time, typically measured in megabits per second (Mbps). In contrast, latency refers to the time it takes for a data packet to travel from one point to another, often measured in milliseconds (ms). High bandwidth allows for fast data transfer, while low latency ensures quick response times.
Impact on performance
The performance of cloud applications can be significantly affected by both bandwidth and latency. For instance, applications that require real-time data processing, such as online gaming or video conferencing, demand low latency for optimal performance. Conversely, applications that handle large data transfers, such as backups or file sharing, benefit from high bandwidth to facilitate quick uploads and downloads.
The Role of Data Centers in Cloud Computing
Data centers are the backbone of cloud computing, housing the physical servers and storage systems that power cloud services. Understanding their role and importance is essential for grasping the overall cloud infrastructure.
Importance in infrastructure
Data centers provide the physical infrastructure necessary for cloud services, ensuring that resources are available and reliable. They are equipped with redundant power supplies, cooling systems, and high-speed internet connections to maintain optimal performance. The efficiency and reliability of data centers directly impact the quality of cloud services.
Geographic distribution and redundancy
Many cloud providers operate multiple data centers across various geographical locations to enhance redundancy and reliability. This distribution ensures that if one data center experiences an outage, another can take over, minimizing service disruption. Security measures within these facilities, such as surveillance, fire suppression systems, and access controls, further protect sensitive data.
Cloud Service Models Explained
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Providers like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) offer IaaS solutions that allow businesses to rent servers, storage, and networking capabilities on-demand.
Use cases for IaaS include web hosting, data storage, and application development. Its scalability and cost-effectiveness make it particularly appealing for startups and enterprises alike. Key components of IaaS include:
- Virtual machines
- Storage solutions
- Network infrastructure
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
PaaS provides a platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without the complexity of managing underlying infrastructure. Providers such as Heroku and Microsoft Azure offer PaaS solutions that include development tools, middleware, and database management systems.
The benefits of PaaS for developers and businesses include faster development cycles, simplified deployment processes, and access to integrated tools and services. PaaS environments often support various programming languages and frameworks, allowing developers to choose the best tools for their projects.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
SaaS delivers software applications over the internet, eliminating the need for local installation and maintenance. Popular examples include Google Workspace, Salesforce, and Microsoft 365. SaaS applications are typically subscription-based, making them accessible and cost-effective for organizations of all sizes.
Advantages for end-users include easy accessibility from any device with an internet connection, automatic updates, and reduced IT overhead. Organizations can benefit from enhanced collaboration tools, streamlined workflows, and improved data management.
Security Considerations in Cloud Computing
Security is a top concern for organizations utilizing cloud services. Understanding common risks and implementing best practices is crucial for safeguarding sensitive data.
Common security risks in the cloud
Data breaches can occur due to various factors, including inadequate security measures and human error. To mitigate risks, organizations must implement robust security protocols, such as encryption and access controls. Insider threats, whether intentional or accidental, can also pose significant risks. Regular training and awareness programs can help employees recognize and prevent these threats.
Compliance issues with data regulations, such as GDPR and HIPAA, require organizations to maintain strict data handling practices. Failure to comply can result in severe financial penalties and damage to reputation. Ensuring that cloud providers adhere to these regulations is essential for maintaining compliance.
Best practices for cloud security
Implementing strong authentication measures, such as multi-factor authentication (MFA), can significantly enhance security. Access controls should be enforced to ensure that only authorized personnel can access sensitive data. Additionally, encrypting data both in transit and at rest protects it from unauthorized access.
Regular security audits and updates are critical for identifying vulnerabilities and ensuring that security measures remain effective. Organizations should also establish an incident response plan to address potential breaches swiftly.
Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity
Disaster recovery and business continuity planning are essential components of cloud computing. Ensuring data availability in the event of a disaster helps organizations maintain operations and protect valuable information.
Strategies for data availability
Implementing backup solutions in cloud environments is crucial for protecting against data loss. Regular backups should be scheduled to ensure that the most recent data is available for recovery. Additionally, organizations should consider using geographically distributed data centers to enhance redundancy and minimize downtime.
Planning for disaster recovery involves establishing clear protocols and procedures for restoring data and systems after an incident. Conducting regular drills can help ensure that all team members are familiar with the recovery process, reducing the time required to restore operations.
Real-World Applications of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing has found applications across various industries, revolutionizing the way they operate. By leveraging cloud services, organizations can improve efficiency, enhance collaboration, and provide better services.
In the healthcare industry, cloud computing improves patient data management by providing secure and scalable storage solutions. Cloud-based systems allow healthcare providers to access patient records quickly, facilitating better decision-making and improving patient outcomes. Additionally, telemedicine solutions enable remote consultations, expanding access to healthcare services.
Cloud computing enhances learning through tools such as virtual classrooms, collaborative platforms, and learning management systems. Educators can create and share resources easily, while students can access materials from anywhere, promoting a more interactive and flexible learning environment.
The finance industry benefits from cloud computing through secure transactions and data analytics. Cloud-based solutions enable financial institutions to process transactions quickly and efficiently while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements. Data analytics tools also allow organizations to derive insights from vast amounts of data, improving decision-making and risk management.
Emerging Trends in Cloud Technology
The cloud computing landscape is continuously evolving, with emerging trends shaping the future of technology. Staying informed about these trends is crucial for organizations looking to remain competitive.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning
AI and machine learning are increasingly integrated into cloud services, providing organizations with advanced analytics and automation capabilities. Cloud providers offer AI-powered tools that enable businesses to analyze data, predict trends, and enhance customer experiences.
Internet of Things (IoT)
The IoT relies heavily on cloud services for data storage and processing. As connected devices proliferate, cloud computing provides the necessary infrastructure to manage the vast amounts of data generated. Cloud solutions enable real-time data processing and analytics, enhancing the functionality of IoT applications.
Edge computing processes data closer to the source, reducing latency and improving response times. This trend is gaining traction as organizations seek to optimize their cloud applications for real-time performance. By integrating edge computing with cloud services, businesses can enhance their operational efficiency and deliver better user experiences.
Preparing for Cloud Computing in A+ Certification
For individuals preparing for the A+ certification, understanding cloud computing fundamentals is essential. The exam covers various cloud-related topics, making it vital to familiarize oneself with these concepts.
Key topics to study
Candidates should focus on understanding the different cloud service models, deployment models, and essential terminology. Familiarity with security considerations and disaster recovery planning is also crucial, as these topics are frequently included in the exam objectives.
Many resources are available for further learning, including online courses, textbooks, and practice exams. Engaging with reputable materials will help solidify knowledge and prepare for the certification process.
Tips for Success in Cloud Computing Concepts
To master cloud computing concepts, candidates should engage with hands-on labs and cloud platforms. Practical experience is invaluable for understanding the intricacies of cloud services and their applications.
Joining online communities and discussion forums can also enhance learning. Engaging with peers and industry experts provides opportunities to share knowledge, ask questions, and stay updated on the latest trends and developments in cloud computing. Staying informed about advancements and pursuing further certifications will help candidates remain competitive in the evolving technology landscape.
Cloud computing has fundamentally changed the way organizations operate, providing flexibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Understanding the various cloud service models, deployment strategies, and essential terminology is crucial for anyone involved in technology today. From IaaS to SaaS, each model offers distinct advantages tailored to different business needs.
As organizations increasingly adopt cloud services, attention to security considerations, disaster recovery, and emerging trends will be vital for success. For those preparing for A+ certification, a strong grasp of cloud computing fundamentals will enhance your knowledge base and position you well for future opportunities in the tech industry. Embrace the cloud revolution, and explore the possibilities it offers for innovation and growth!
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.visiontrainingsystems.com/blogs/cloud-computing-basics-what-a-candidates-need-to-know/
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2025-06-23T19:13:13Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709775994.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20250623174039-20250623204039-00945.warc.gz
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en
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A school supply drive is any effort to collect school supplies for donation to needy children who will otherwise go to school without the necessary materials. In many areas, there is an annual charity drive at a local store, church, or even a school itself. People can participate by donating as many school supplies as they feel comfortable giving. There is often a drop box in a specific location for this purpose, and individuals can check with local schools to find out if there is one in their area.
People who cannot locate information regarding a school supply drive may want to start one themselves. They can contact a local school to see how donations are handled and how they can help. It is often as simple as advertising a drive, setting up a receptacle, collecting the school supplies as the box fills up, and delivering the items to the school. While it requires some time and effort, it is a great way to help children get a better education.
A school supply drive helps children not to worry about not having the proper supplies or being teased by others. They will appreciate the donations, as will teachers, who often have to purchase supplies out of pocket for children whose families cannot afford them. A teacher may be the best source of information when planning a school supply drive. Individuals who want to hold one can also contact local television stations, radio stations, and newspapers to see if they will advertise it free of charge, as a public service announcement or community calendar item.
Many children also enjoy being part of a school supply drive. Children are often very aware of those who don’t have the items they need when they come to school. While some children tease, many feel compassion toward less fortunate students, and they will often gladly do what they can to help ensure that their peers also have school supplies. Having children help organize a drive is also a great way to teach them about giving back to the community.
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<urn:uuid:3b5914ed-8d73-406f-b5ab-e8841d6a05d8>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.wisegeek.net/what-is-a-school-supply-drive.htm
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2025-06-23T18:22:53Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709775994.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20250623174039-20250623204039-00945.warc.gz
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ROCHESTER, N.Y. — A statue of abolitionist Frederick Douglass has been ripped from its base in Rochester on the anniversary of one of his most famous speeches.
Police say the statue of Douglass was taken from Maplewood Park and placed near the Genesee River gorge on Sunday.
On July 5, 1852, Douglass gave the speech “What to the Slave is the Fourth of July” in Rochester. There was no indication the vandalism was timed to the anniversary.
The park was a site on the Underground Railroad where Douglass and Harriet Tubman helped shuttle slaves to freedom.
Leaders involved in the statue’s creation tell WROC that they believe the nation’s ongoing focus on race could have played a role in the vandalism.
The project director of Re-energize the Legacy of Fredrick Douglass, Carvin Eison, questions whether the damage is some type of retaliation because of the calls to take down Confederate statues.
WROC reports that the statue is one of 13 placed throughout Rochester in 2018, and it’s the second figure to be vandalized since then.
The damaged statue has been taken for repairs.
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<urn:uuid:89191235-834d-407d-a6a3-fe531ec77204>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.wtvr.com/news/america-in-crisis/frederick-douglass-statue-vandalized-in-rochester-on-anniversary-of-famous-speech
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2025-06-23T18:54:03Z
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Before mass production of pcb boards, we first need the customer to provide material, size, quantity and other parameters, especially some high-frequency circuit boards. The manufacturer will prototype the PCB board products according to the parameters provided by the customer during the prototyping. After the prototyping is completed, both parties need to communicate and negotiate. If there is no problem, it can be produced according to the customized quantity. The following article will introduce to you.
The Purpose of PCB Board Prototyping:
1. The strength of PCB manufacturers can be judged.
2. Reduce the defective rate of PCB production.
3. Lay a solid foundation for future mass production.
The following introduces the parameters that PCB board needs to provide for prototyping:
The specific requirements are as follows (with word document or PCB file description)
1. Sheet selection instructions
2. Sheet thickness description
3. Description of the thickness of the copper skin of the circuit board
4. Instructions for choosing solder mask color
5. Description of special production requirements and description of special layers
6. Description of required dimensional tolerance
7. Fill in the number of samples required
8. Choose the imposition requirements you need
XPCB Limited is a premium PCB & PCBA manufacturer based in China.
We specialize in multilayer flexible circuits, rigid-flex PCB, HDI PCB, and Rogers PCB.
Quick-turn PCB prototyping is our specialty. Demanding project is our advantage.
© 2024 - XPCB Limited All Right Reserve
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.x-pcb.com/what-parameters-need-to-be-provided-to-manufacturers-for-pcb-prototyping/
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2025-06-23T19:13:13Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709775994.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20250623174039-20250623204039-00945.warc.gz
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The Digestive System
Our digestive system, also referred to as the gastrointestinal system, plays a vital role in contributing to the health and functioning of the whole body.
The digestive system is approximately 8-9 metres long, stretching from the mouth to the rectum. This system includes a number of different organs that work together to help break down the food we eat, so that the nutrients can be absorbed and used by the body. It is also lined with bacteria and other microorganisms known as the intestinal microbiota that help stimulate the digestive process and aid the absorption of nutrients. Our digestive system would not function efficiently without our intestinal microbiota.
Each organ has its own special role in digestion:
The other organs
The liver is one of the largest organs in the human body! In the digestive system, its role is to produce bile, which breaks down fat in the small intestine. The liver has many other functions in the body also, including detoxification of drugs, vitamin storage, blood glucose regulation and inactivation of hormones.
The pancreas creates an enzyme mixture that is released into the small intestine to digest food. This mixture neutralises the hard stomach acid when the food enters the small intestine. As well as its role in digestion, the pancreas plays a big role in hormone processing and regulation.
The gall bladder is only a small organ, and acts as a storage area for the bile produced by the liver. When food in released from the stomach to the small intestine, the gall bladder is triggered to release the bile to start digestion.
Our digestive health is closely linked to the overall health of our body.
This is why it is important that we are proactive about the well-being of our gut. Here are a few common digestive problems and their symptoms:
Probiotics are “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host” as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Probiotics are live beneficial bacteria that help the overall balance of bacteria in the digestive system. The role of beneficial bacteria in the digestive system includes:
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<urn:uuid:7ba3cfbb-ff62-4917-8a4b-f888af944086>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.yakult.com.au/digestive-health/
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2025-06-23T18:47:56Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709775994.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20250623174039-20250623204039-00945.warc.gz
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New research from Canada has provided solid support for one of the many medical uses for Botox: increasing pliability and “elastic recoil,” which mimics the look and feel of younger facial skin.
The study details
Researchers from the University of Ottawa and the University of Toronto wanted to increase understanding of the effects of onabotulinum toxin A, popularly known as Botox, on the skin. They studied the effects of using Botox for faint wrinkles on the forehead and around the eyes among 48 women, 43 of whom finished the study. The results of the study appeared earlier this year in the medical journal JAMA Facial Plastic Surgery.
Use of Botox resulted in “biomechanical changes” to the skin, including increased pliability and elastic recoil. The researchers were unsure exactly how the Botox injections changed the skin. After four months with no injections, the women’s improved skin reverted to its condition prior to treatment.
The researchers noted that the Botox injections caused changes to the patients’ skin that appeared to be the opposite of those typically associated with the aging process, inflammation and exposure to UV radiation.
More medical uses for Botox?
We’ve long known that Botox can essentially erase wrinkles, but the new Canadian study indicates more medical uses for Botox. Lead study author Dr. James Bonaparte, an assistant professor at the University of Ottawa and a reconstructive surgeon, noted that “for some strange reason,” more elastin and collagen are present in the skin due to the Botox injections. The study’s abstract adds that understanding the effects of Botox may help doctors understand why repeated treatments result in “progressive reductions” in wrinkles.
Dr. Catherine P. Winslow of the Indiana University School of Medicine in Bloomington also notes that further research is needed to increase understanding of biochemical effects of Botox on the skin. She said that new research, along with additional studies on collagen and elasticity of skin following Botox injections, will assist facial plastic surgeons with long-term strategies for anti-aging. It also will enable surgeons to better educate patients on the use of nonsurgical therapies for skin care, she said.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.yourlaserskincare.com/blog/boosting-skin-elasticity-one-medical-use-for-botox
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2025-06-23T18:52:04Z
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Upward light ratio(ULR) or upward lighting in outdoor lighting
Upward light ratio(ULR) or upward lighting in outdoor lighting
In the Dark Sky Planning Guideline ( Explore ZGSM DarkSky outdoor lighting solution ), it requires to limit upward lighting. The guideline states that lighting fixtures should minimize the amount of light emitted upward, and the light output of the fixture above the horizontal plane should be 0%. To achieve this, they recommend using fully cut-off or fully shielded fixtures to ensure that the light is radiated downward. This type of fixture limits the light from the other sides of the fixture (except the downward side) to prevent the light source from shining directly into the sky. Although the use of fully shielded or full cut-off lighting fixtures (street light/flood light) can limit the proportion of light radiating upward to a certain extent, the light radiated upward by the fixture is actually related to the installation of the fixture. In fact, some regulations and regions have requirements for upward lighting/upward light ratio after the fixture is installed. ULR is used to calculate the maximum allowable percentage of light that may be emitted by a fixture or lighting device installed at or above the horizontal. This article mainly talks about what ULR is, why to pay attention to ULR, where we can check ULR and what measures to take to limit ULR value.
What’s Upward light ratio(ULR)?
The ULR (Upward Light Ratio) value is the percentage of luminaire flux of a luminaire or a lighting installation that is emitted above the horizontal, where all luminaires are considered in their real position in the installation. Sky glow limitations depend on the environmental zone of the lighting installation. The standard defines four environmental zone categories from E1 to E4. E1 category is used for intrinsically dark landscapes like national parks or areas of outstanding natural beauty. E4 category is used for high district brightness areas like city centers. Sky glow limitations reach from 0% to 15%.
ULR is also defined in the standard EN12464-2. As this standard emphasizes, ULR is proportion of the flux of the luminaire(s) that is emitted above the horizontal, when the luminaire(s) is (are) mounted in its (their) installed position and attitude. For example, if a street lamp ( Review case studies of outdoor street lamps ) is installed horizontally (light-emitting surface facing downward), ULR = UWLR = FA / FB, where FA = the flux emitted by the luminaire above the horizontal and FB = the total flux emitted by the luminaire. This data can be found in both the photometric test report and the lighting simulation report of the luminaire. On the contrary, if the luminaire is not installed horizontally, such as a stadium light, ULR ≠ UWLR, and the relevant data can only be found in the lighting simulation.
Why cares about upward light ratio or upward lighting
Light pollution is a global problem that some scientists and engineers have studied in depth for at least 30 years. They believe that the impact of light on natural environmental changes is particularly prominent, especially the impact of light on the population and function of organisms such as insects, birds and bats. Another important aspect involves astronomical observation. Light pollution causes the night sky to brighten, forming skylight, making many celestial bodies difficult or even impossible to observe, which poses a great challenge to astronomical research. At the same time, they explored the various factors that cause light pollution, one of the main factors being the upward lighting generated by lighting fixtures. Therefore, they believe that it is necessary to use lamps with less upward light ratio for outdoor lighting.
A large part of the upward light is unnecessary lighting, and the light pollution caused by this light is often caused by improper design and installation of outdoor lighting devices. On the contrary, through reasonable lamp design, light distribution design and correct installation, we can greatly reduce the upward light ratio. For example, when the International Dark Sky Association is committed to solving the problem of light pollution, it requires that lighting devices must be useful, fully targeted, achieve low brightness levels, be controllable, and must choose appropriate light distribution (especially LED devices). After reducing this part of useless lighting (light), we can illuminate the target area with less power, which is not only energy-saving but also avoids light pollution.
Suggested maximum ULR/UWLR values in application
The Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) in the UK has produced a document entitled ” Guidance Notes For The Reduction Of Obtrusive Light ” which describes the maximum UWLR for different environmental areas. Generally, in areas where the ambient illuminance is low at night (such as national parks, rural areas), they recommend following higher requirements (low UWLR), while in areas where the ambient illuminance is high at night (such as cities), they recommend following lower requirements (high UWLR). However ZGSM recommends that UWLR is less than 2.5% in any case.
Environmental Zone |
ULWR (max %) |
Intrinsically dark areas, e.g., “National Parks”, “Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty” or other “dark landscapes” |
Low district brightness areas, e.g. Rural or small village locations |
Medium district brightness areas, Small town centres or urban locations |
High district brightness areas, e.g., Town/city centres with high levels of night-time activity |
How to get upward light ratio(ULR) value of luminaire and installation?
Upward Light Ratio (ULR) is a parameter that measures the proportion of light emitted upward by a lighting system. It is often used to evaluate the impact of outdoor lighting on light pollution. ULR can be found in a variety of lighting documents and reports. Here are some common types of documents and reports: such as IES, LM79 reports, lighting designs, datasheets of lamps, etc.
Upward light ratio(ULR) from IES and LM79 reports
With the advancement of technology, consumers in the LED industry generally require suppliers to provide light distribution test reports for lamps. In these reports, we can know the distribution of light emitted by the lamps in space. Of course, this also includes the proportion of light emitted upward by the lamps, that is, the upward light ratio. When analyzing the IES file, the light intensity>0 when Gamma>90 indicates that the lamp has light irradiated upward. Similarly, we can check LCS(LUMINAIRE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM) and BUG report. We can clearly see whether the lamp has upward light through the Luminaire Classification System and Luminaire Flux Distribution Table in the figure below. If the LED lamps has upward light, then we can get its value(upward light ratio) from there.
Upward light ratio(ULR) from Dialux design
Whether it is road lighting simulation or other outdoor lighting simulation, we can view the corresponding data (upward light ratio) in the lighting simulation. In road lighting simulation, street lights are usually installed without an elevation angle. If the ULR of the lamp is 0%, then the ULR of the street light after installation is also 0%. In actual applications, if the elevation angle needs to be set in order to optimize the lighting effect, we recommend paying special attention to this parameter. In the stadium lighting simulation, we can also get this parameter, which we will explain in detail in the next section.
How to improve upward light ratio(ULR) in lighting?
Upward light ratio(ULR) in street lighting
In road lighting, we recommend using street lights with ULR=0 or which is fully shielded. Usually, when the installation tilt angle of LED street lights is 0°, the ULR value is basically 0. However, LED street lights are often used to replace traditional lamps, and traditional lamps are often installed at an elevation angle. Therefore, we need to pay attention to the impact of this elevation angle on the ULR value during installation. If the lighting simulation shows that ULR>0, we recommend using lamps with adjustable brackets to correct the elevation angle to 0 or 5° to ensure ULR=0. Of course, when ULR=0 during installation and the lighting effect is good (good uniformity and illumainance/luminance), we can choose not to adjust the installation elevation angle. In the figure below, we can see the impact of the elevation angle on the ULR value. Usually, if the tilt angle is too large, the ULR will increase.
Upward light ratio(ULR) in sports lighting
In order to achieve uniformity in sports lighting, we also need to pay attention to this parameter(ULR). In addition, by using asymmetric light distribution, we can effectively reduce ULR. In the left picture below, flood lights in tennis courtwith asymmetric light distribution is not used, and its ULR%= 4.5%. In the right picture, flood lights in tennis court with asymmetric light distribution is used, and its ULR%=2.5%. It can be seen that the use of asymmetric light distribution can effectively reduce ULR. Similarly, by using a lens shade, we can also reduce ULR. These methods can reduce ULR to the limit value of upward light in the relevant standards. For other sports fields, please check “Find right sports lighting fixtures for your sports complex” to find more.
ZGSM lighting solution with less upward light ratio
ZGSM believes that in lighting applications, we should pay more attention to the ULR of the lamp after it is actually installed, rather than the ULR of the lamp itself. With the development of technology, many lamps currently have a ULR of 0, because the manufacturer has already considered this when designing the lamp. On the contrary, unreasonable lamp selection, lens selection and installation will lead to these lamps having a high ULR value in actual applications. In actual applications, we recommend that users give priority to outdoor lamps with a ULR value of 0. During the installation process, we recommend that the tilt angle of LED street lights is 0°. If the uniformity does not meet the requirements, you can increase this angle to 5° or 10° appropriately and keep an eye on the changes in the ULR value in the report. In stadium lighting, parking lot lighting and other outdoor lighting, in order to have more uniform or wide lighting and the luminous surface of the lamp cannot be parallel to the ground, we recommend choosing asymmetric light distribution or a lens shade to reduce the ULR. Finally, ZGSM believes that with the advancement of LED technology and people’s awareness, we can better apply LED to outdoor lighting. This will also make the application of LED in the field of lighting more extensive and become the main force of outdoor lighting and industrial lighting.
People also ask
My name is Taylor Gong, I’m the product manager of ZGSM Tech. I have been in the LED lights industry for more than 13 years. Good at lighting design, street light system configuration, and bidding technology support. Feel free to contact us. I’m happy to provide you with the best service and products.
Email: [email protected] | WhatsApp: +8615068758483
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://www.zgsm-china.com/blog/upward-light-ratio-ulr-or-upward-lighting-in-outdoor-lighting.html
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2025-06-23T18:03:35Z
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Overview on urban and peri-urban agriculture: Definition, impact on human health, constraints and policy issues
College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053-00625, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
Objectives: To collate and synthesize current knowledge of components of urban agriculture (UA) with a thematic emphasis on human health impact and a geographic emphasis on East Africa. Data sources: Data management followed a structured approach in which key issues were first identified and then studies selected through literature search and personal communication. Data extraction: Evidence-based principles. Data synthesis: Urban agriculture is an important source of food security for urban dwellers in East Africa. Descriptors of UA are location, areas, activities, scale, products, destinations, stakeholders and motivation. Many zoonotic and food-borne diseases have been associated with UA but evidence on human health impact and management is lacking. Major constraints to UA are illegality and lack of access to input and market; policy options have been developed for overcoming these. Conclusion: Urban agriculture is an important activity and likely to remain so. Both positive and negative human health impacts are potentially important but more research is needed to understand these and set appropriate policy and support levels.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://clearafred.wits.ac.za/african_eval_db_04/view/evaluation_db_articles/900?order=evaluation_db_articles.year&page=43
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2025-06-24T19:58:53Z
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A Career in Integrative Naturopathic Medicine
If you are the type of people who views the healing of others as a calling, you will be qualified to enter the Integrative Naturopathic Medicine’s profession. In Integrative Naturopathic Medicine we call this Vis Medicatrix Naturae(nature is the healer of all diseases). Our Integrative Naturopathic medical training includes the study of ancient and modern healing principles and technologies by using natural modalities such as homeopathy, counseling, acupuncture theories , herbal medicine, clinical nutrition, physical manipulation, stress and pain management, therapeutic exercise, anti-aging & aesthetic medicine, craniofacial Osteopathy, vibration medicine, among others.
Integrative Naturopathic Medicine was established in Europe and Asia more than 2000 years old. In Europe, Integrative Naturopathic Medicine is called as Naturopathic Medicine. In Asia, Integrative Naturopathic Medicine is called as Chinese Medicine or/and traditional Medicine.
There are six principles that guide the therapeutic methods and modalities of Integrative Naturopathic Medicine. They are includes:
- The Healing Power of Nature (vis medicatrix naturae)
The human body have the inherent ability to restore health. The Physician’s role is helping the patients to facilitate this process with the aid of natural, nontoxic treatments.
- Do No Harm(primum non nocere)
Integrative Naturopathic medicine are safe and effective.
- Discover and Treat the Cause, Not Just the Effect(tolle causam)
The treatment based on the individual patient, not only based on the generality of symptioms.
- Treat the Whole Person(tolle totum)
Physicians provide flexible treatment programs to meet individual health care needs by considering the multiple factors in health and disease.
- Prevention is the best “cure”
Prevent of disease is the best accomplished through education and the lifestyle that supports health and our Integrative Naturopathic physicians are preventive medicine specialists. They assess patient risk factors and heredity susceptibility to prevent illness.
- Integrative Naturopathic Doctor is a teacher (Docere)
The major role of Integrative Naturopathic Doctor is to empower and educate the patients to consider their own health. Then, the job of Integrative Naturopathic Doctor is to create a healthy cooperative and therapeutic relationship with the patient.
Our Society provides our students with the best possible program of study to prepare them to succeed as Integrative Naturopathic physicians. I hope that you will join us and I look forward to meeting you into future.
Prof. Wai-yin Mak
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://imedicine.org.hk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3&Itemid=108
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2025-06-24T18:37:44Z
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Khor Nav Toran Temple – Madhya Pradesh
Khor, Neemuch District
Madhya Pradesh 458470
The Nav Toran Temple is an ancient Shiva temple located in Khor Town, Neemuch District, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Historical Significance: The Nav Toran Temple is believed to have been built in the 11th century CE, making it a significant historical and architectural site.
- Name: The name “Nav Toran” is derived from the words “Nav,” meaning nine, and “Toran,” meaning pillars. The temple is named after the nine decorative arches supported by pillars that are a prominent feature of the temple’s architecture.
- Architectural Features: The temple is known for its ten decorative arches arranged in two rows, with one row extending lengthwise and the other arranged widthwise. These rows intersect at the center and are supported by pairs of pillars in the hall and porches. The temple is adorned with decorative elements such as leaf-shaped borders, makara heads (mythical sea creatures), and garland bearers.
- Central Statue: At the center of the temple, there is a statue of Varaha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, who appears in the form of a boar. Varaha is a significant deity in Hindu mythology.
- Shiva Lingam: The temple has a sanctum housing a Shiva Lingam, which is a representation of Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities in Hinduism.
- Historical Tunnel: Legend has it that there is a tunnel beneath the temple that leads to the Chittor Fort. Maharana Pratap, a celebrated figure in Rajput history, is believed to have used this tunnel to worship the deity of the temple from Chittor.
- National Importance: The Nav Toran Temple has been declared a monument of national importance under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958.
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
Nearest Bus Station
Nearest Railway Station
Jawad Road Station
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://lightuptemples.com/khor-nav-toran-temple-madhya-pradesh/
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2025-06-24T19:00:32Z
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| 0.941181
| 437
| 2.953125
| 3
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With the exploration of space and the eventual colonization of Mars humanity needs to establish a method for improving internet connectivity for people on the surface.
One method of achieving this is to place one or more satellites in high orbit around the planet. These would use interplanetary internet(delay tolerant) technology and protocols to service requests as well as actively mirror content for primary sites located on Earth. The goal of this strategy is to reduce the latency of user requests from 8-48 minutes down to at most a few seconds for popular content.
What is needed for a single node:
- High bandwidth communications equipment similar to what would have been on the Mars Telecommunications Orbiter.
- A cluster of servers in an a spacecraft the the size of a supply module. Something similar to Microsoft’s Project Natick would be about right for a first generation. There would be a redundant capacity built in to cover eventual server failure.
- A heat management system.
- A nuclear power generation system.
Now we just need NASA, Microsoft, SpaceX, Amazon (w/Blue Origin) AWS – Mars, or Google to make it happen!
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://www.cdotson.com/tag/internet/
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2025-06-24T20:22:48Z
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| 0.930532
| 229
| 2.75
| 3
|
Grow in average, dry to medium, well-drained soil in full sun. Best in sandy loams. Wide range of soil tolerance including somewhat poor soils of low fertility. Valued plant for sea shore areas because of tolerance for salt. Prune as needed in late winter to early spring. This is a rapid-grower that blooms on new wood. Can be pruned back hard, including to within several inches of the ground, in late winter each year (as with Buddleja) in order to keep plant compact and to promote better form and growth.
Tamarix ramosissima, known as tamarisk, tamarix or saltcedar, is a graceful open deciduous thicket-forming shrub or small tree typically growing 6-15’ tall. This is an unusual plant because it features fine-textured, juniper-like foliage, but is neither evergreen nor coniferous, producing true flowers. Its primary ornamental features are: (a) reddish, slender, arching branchlets, (b) pale gray-green scale-like leaves and (c) plumes (dense feathery racemes) of pink 5-petaled flowers over a long early to mid-summer bloom. Fruits are dry capsules that split open when ripe to release abundant seeds. Although native to Europe and Asia, tamarisk has escaped cultivation and naturalized along floodplains, riverbanks, ditches, marshes, waste areas and roadsides in many areas of the West, Southwest and Great Plains. In warm winter climates, it has become a noxious weed, typically forming dense impenetrable thickets that often crowd out native plants. It has become the subject of a number of eradication programs, particularly in watersheds of the Southwest where it tends to colonize along rivers and streams, dropping seed into the water for distribution and further colonization downstream.
Some authorities varyingly consider this species to be synonymous with T. chinensis, T. pentandra and/or T. gallica.
Genus name is the Latin name for this plant.
Specific epithet comes from Latin meaning many-branched.
The common name of saltcedar is in reference to the fact that the plants not only tolerate saline conditions but also produce salt. Sometimes also commonly called five-stamen tamarisk or five-stamen tamarix.
'Pink Cascade' is an open, multi-stemmed shrub with arching branches and fine, feathery foliage. From late spring through summer, it has cascading plumes of small, deep pink flowers. 'Pink Cascade' grows 10 to 15 ft. tall and 8 to 10 ft. wide.
An invasive species in warmer climates (USDA Zones 8-10).
Borders, naturalized areas. Good for sunny areas with poor and/or saline soils. May be used as a windbreak or informal hedge in remote areas of the landscape where its scraggly winter appearance will not be a problem. Also can be effective on dry slopes for erosion control.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=253936&isprofile=0&letter=T
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2025-06-24T19:45:37Z
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| 0.932466
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1. As the story begins what are the girl and her father setting out to do late one winter night?
They are going to go
to the country.
2. What sound do they hear in the distance
followed by barking dogs?
a train whistle blow.
hear someone crying softly.
They hear birds
3. In addition to little gray footprints, what
else followed the girl and his Pa as they walked over the crisp snow?
4. When Pa called "Whoo-whoo-who-whoo-whoooooo."
What sound was he imitating?
of many kinds of owls.
sound of a Barred Owl.
The sound of a Great
5. Why was the girl not disappointed when there
was no answer?
brothers told him sometimes there's an owl and sometimes there isn't.
mother told him sometimes there's an owl and sometimes there isn't.
His father told him
sometimes there's an owl and sometimes there isn't.
6. The girl knew that you had to be very quiet
when you go owling. What else did the child know as well?
bring along a gun.
have to make your own lunch, and cook over a fire.
You have to make your
own heat, and be brave.
7. The girl explained how white the snow was in
a very special way. Which of the following is the explanation
whiter than vanilla ice cream.
was whiter than the milk in a cereal bowl.
It was as white as the
moon in the sky.
8. Why did the girl's Pa smile when he heard the
sound of the owl?
getting ready to shoot it.
believed he and owl could see each other.
He believed he and the
owl were talking about supper, or the woods, or the moon, or the cold.
9. What did the girl's Pa use to see the owl?
the headlights on the
10. How long did the girl believe that she, her
Pa and the owl stared at each other?
one minute, three
minutes, maybe even a hundred minutes
a few seconds
11. What is the only thing you need when you go
Elementary & Middle School Lessons & Self-Correcting Tests for Children in all Subject Areas. If you have found an error or would like to make comments on this lesson,
please email us at:
Copyright 1999-2024 by Educational Designers, LLC. All rights reserved. Lessons & Tests in Math, Reading, Spelling, Science, Language, and Social Studies.
traffic. Your IP address and user-agent are shared with Google along with
performance and security metrics to ensure quality of service, generate
usage statistics, and to detect and address abuse."
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://www.myschoolhouse.com/courses/R/0/305.asp
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2025-06-24T20:02:59Z
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| 0.982473
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|
Available under Creative Commons-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
- Database is considered as a collection of fixed – size record.
- This model is closer to the physical level or file structure.
- Is a representation of database as seen by the DBMS.
- Requires the designer to match the conceptual model’s characteristics and constraints to those of the selected implementation model.
- The entities in the conceptual model are mapped to the tables in the relational model.
- The three most well-known models of this kind are the relational data model, the network data model and the hierarchical data model.
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<urn:uuid:8585d89c-e773-406c-b424-ad75bf14df14>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/30678
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2025-06-24T20:32:07Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.897566
| 126
| 2.9375
| 3
|
As America planned to enter World War I, there were a number of patriotic events across the country to mark the country’s preparedness. In May of 1916, New York held a large parade to celebrate our nation’s strength and the festivities climax was on the Fourth of July during what has become known as The Greatest Display of the American Flag Ever Seen in New York.
Preparedness Day is sadly most remembered for the bombing of a San Francisco parade by labor union members seeking to promote an isolationist strategy for the war. 10 were killed and 40 were injured during the largest parade ever held in that city – it lasted for 3 1/2 hours and had 51,329 participants.
This patriotic flag painting was painted by the American Impressionist Childe Hassam (1859-1935). His flag paintings are among his most famous works and this is one of a number of cityscape paintings which feature the American or other flags. (Notice the flag in the foreground and how it has only 48 stars as Alaska and Hawaii were not yet states in 1916.)
To learn more about this famous American artist and see additional examples of his work, please visit our biography of Childe Hassam.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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http://www.thefamousartists.com/childe-hassam/the-fourth-of-july-1916
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2025-06-24T19:31:24Z
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en
| 0.98531
| 245
| 3.40625
| 3
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Are we trying too hard to educate our children? Yes, we’re trying to do too many things and most are not helping. That’s in part the conclusion of Amanda Ripley who wrote a book on education throughout the world entitled, The Smartest Kids in the World: And How They Got That Way., whose work was profiled today on NPR. As is often the case when comparing educational systems, schools in Korea and Finland draw much of the attention, given the higher scores school children there achieve on standardized tests. As I’ve written in a previous post, the schools in Finland are a riddle for American educators who go to visit and learn – how can they do so well without all the solutions being advocated in the U.S. : school choice (more private and charter schools), rewards for the best teachers and schools, high-stakes testing to identify success and failure. Instead, Finland focuses on turning out excellent teachers, paying them well, offering a lot of local support, and encouraging the best college students to go into teaching: a few important things done well.
South Korea is quite different, with a heavy emphasis by all stakeholders on children focusing on high achievement, even if that means long hours after school and on weekends in private tutoring sessions. Earlier this month there was a profile in the Wall Street Journal of an English teacher in South Korea who makes millions of dollars a year through his subscription video service and after-school tutoring sessions. The Korean educational system could hardly serve as a model for the U.S., but American foreign language teachers would be happy to see that kind of pay. In the end, we all know it comes down to the quality and commitment of teachers – the trick is to figure out how we become more successful in filling our schools with dedicated and competent teachers and in ensuring they receive reasonable pay, support, and respect.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://acrossculturesweb.com/wp/fewer-things-better/
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2025-06-24T20:09:00Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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Sanofi has implemented waste heat recovery facilities at its R&D site in Montpellier, France in partnership with Dalkia, which has reduced the site’s gas…
The chilled water production system of Gerland's bioproduction facility in Sanofi Lyon is being updated to :
- Meet the ongoing environmental challenges of reducing CO2 emissions
- Optimize its energy productivity ;
- Acquire more robustness and cold production capacity.
Main project's drivers for reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Energy and resource efficiency
Energy efficiency improvements
Improving efficiency in non-energy resources
Financing low-carbon issuers or disinvestment from carbon assets
Reduction of other greenhouse gases emission
Reduce the site's energy consumption and associated CO2 emissions by recovering the heat produced during the production of chilled water for re-use in the heating hot water networks.
The principle of low-temperature heat recovery is one of the priorities of Sanofi’s decarbonization approach. The project involves removing the old heat pump and replacing it with a new heat recovery chiller that uses modern technology (magnetized bearings). The improvements have the following specific effects on how the site produces chilled water and heating hot water:
- Original system operation
Originally, the system consisted of the following equipment:
– A heat pump (Heat pump) that operates continuously to produce chilled water and hot water.
– The three current chillers (GF1, GF2 and GF3) take over to produce cold water in addition to the production of the heat pump. The chillers are switched on one after the other with an operating order that ensures an equivalent annual operating time between each chiller.
– A steam-water exchanger located in LYG3, fed by the steam produced by the boiler in operation, which provides additional power for the production of hot water. This equipment currently supports the heat pump in order to produce the hot water necessary for heating the premises, mainly in winter. Thus, the overall production of cold water provided by this energy installation is intended to supply equipment such as air handling units (AHU), water loop exchangers, air conditioning cassettes, etc.
– As for the production of hot water, it is mainly produced by the heat pump with, if necessary, the LYG3 exchanger as a support in order to heat the premises of the whole establishment (via AHU and air conditioning cassettes).
- Operation of the new water production system
– The project incorporates a new heat pump (620 kWp and 820 kW hot TFP) that will replace the existing equipment and operate to produce both chilled and hot water. This new equipment will be more energy efficient.
– A new GF4 chiller (1414 kWp and 950 kW hot) which will be more efficient than the current equipment and will contribute to the production of cold water for the Sanofi Genzyme facility and will be equipped with a heat recovery system. Thus, via heat recovery, the GF4 will contribute to the production of hot water for the site. This new operation will make it possible to stop using the current steam exchanger during the winter period and thus reduce the consumption of gas from the boilers (carbon neutrality objective to ensure the global heating of the establishment).
– The three current chillers (GF1, GF2 and GF3) will take over to produce additional cold water.
– The two new units, TFP and GF4, will be equipped with an HFO type R1234ze refrigerant (the previous TFP was initially equipped with an R134A fluid).
The project (1.221 M€) was financed by the Energy Savings Certificates (CEE) up to 1.045 M€ and was carried by Engie (Equans) for CEE. This waste heat recovery facility is fully operational since December 2021.
on which the project has a significant impact
- Emission scopes
- Description and quantification of associated GHG emissions
- Clarification on the calculation
Émissions directes générées par l’activité de l’entreprise.
Émissions indirectes associées à la consommation d’électricité et de chaleur de l’entreprise.
Émissions induites (en amont ou en aval) par les activités, produits et/ou services de l’entreprise sur sa chaine de valeur.
Création de puits de carbone, (BECCS, CCU/S, …)
par les activités, produits et/ou services de l’entreprise ou par le financement de projet de réduction d’émissions.
Scope 1 – Substitution of R134a refrigerant by HFO R1234 ze with 200 times lower GWP.
- Quantification: Estimated at 40 tCO2 / year (REX accidental leakage 2019 on heat pump)
Scope 2 – Recovery of heat from the new cold group GF4 to heat the building instead of using the steam exchanger and gas boilers.
Greater electrical efficiency from the new TFP and GF4.
- Quantification: 109 teCO2
Based on the facility’s 2019 consumption data and the outlook for increased activity, it was estimated that the project would result in the following consumption reductions: 738 MWh/year of electricity and 429 MWh/year of natural gas. These estimates resulted in a projected emission reduction of 109 tCO2/year (conversion factor for nuclear energy and natural gas).
Project amount of 1,221 M€:
- Financing from the CEE at a level of 1,045 M€
- Financing provided by Sanofi up to €176,000.
Starting date of the project
October 2020 : Study phase
Sanofi Lyon Gerland, 23 bd Chambaud de la Bruyère 69007 LYON
Replicability target: The target scope includes all French sites where a plan with a strong enough subsidy structure makes the project financially feasible.
Project maturity level
Prototype laboratory test (TRL 7)
Real life testing (TRL 7-8)
Pre-commercial prototype (TRL 9)
Medium to large scale implementation
Economic profitability of the project (ROI)
Short term (0-3 years)
Middle term (4-10 years)
Long term (> 10 years)
Illustrations of the project
The implementation of this project should make it possible to reduce the use of the site’s gas boilers and eliminate the possibility of using the vapor exchanger.
RAS – project purchasing
Contact the company carrying the project :
Aymeric VIGNON [email protected]
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<urn:uuid:50c2be0e-9b13-4a3e-b6a3-c01495182666>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://ambition4climate.com/en/sanofi-lyon-polyclonal-heat-recovery-project-on-the-cooling-units/
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2025-06-24T19:02:28Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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Kim Philby: British Double Agent
(Infamous Spy Cases)Kim Philby was a notorious British double agent who spied for the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He was part of the infamous "Cambridge Five" spy ring. Philby's betrayal had far-reaching consequences, compromising numerous British and American intelligence operations.
Kim Philby, a British intelligence officer, is one of the most notorious double agents in history. His betrayal had far-reaching consequences, undermining British and American intelligence efforts during the Cold War. To understand Philby's actions and motivations, it's essential to examine his background, recruitment by the Soviet Union, and the impact of his espionage activities.
Early Life and Recruitment
Kim Philby was born in 1912 in India, where his father worked for the British colonial administration. He studied at Cambridge University, where he became involved in left-wing politics and was recruited by the Soviet Union in the 1930s. The Soviets recognized Philby's potential and groomed him for a career in British intelligence.
Rise in British Intelligence
Philby joined MI6, Britain's foreign intelligence service, in 1940. He quickly rose through the ranks, becoming head of the counterespionage section in 1944. In this position, Philby had access to sensitive information about British and American operations against the Soviet Union.
Throughout his career, Philby passed vital intelligence to the Soviets, including:
- Details of Allied plans for the invasion of Italy during World War II
- Information about British and American efforts to overthrow the communist government in Albania
- The identities of hundreds of British agents operating behind the Iron Curtain
Exposure and Defection
Philby's espionage activities were exposed in the early 1950s, but he managed to evade arrest and fled to the Soviet Union in 1963. He lived the rest of his life in Moscow, where he was hailed as a hero by the Soviet authorities.
Impact of Philby's Betrayal
The consequences of Philby's betrayal were severe:
- The exposure of British and American operations led to the deaths of numerous agents and the failure of critical missions
- Trust between British and American intelligence agencies was severely damaged
- The British intelligence community was left demoralized and struggling to recover from the blow to its reputation
The Philby case highlighted the need for better vetting and security procedures within intelligence agencies. It also demonstrated the importance of counterintelligence efforts to identify and neutralize moles and double agents.
Kim Philby's story is a cautionary tale of the damage that can be caused by a single individual with access to sensitive information. His betrayal had far-reaching consequences for British and American intelligence efforts during the Cold War, and his legacy continues to be felt to this day. By understanding Philby's motivations and the impact of his actions, we can better appreciate the importance of security and counterintelligence in the world of espionage.
Last Updated on 9/5/2024
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://app.studyraid.com/en/read/6851/163262/kim-philby-british-double-agent
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Wednesday, September 13, 2017
The Sky This Week - Thursday September 14 to Thursday September 21
The New Moon is Wednesday, September 20.
Evening sky on Saturday September 16 looking north-west as seen from Adelaide at 19:02 ACST (60 minutes after sunset). Jupiter is above the horizon close to the bright star Spica. The inset shows the telescopic view of Jupiter at this time.
Similar views will be seen elsewhere in Australia at the equivalent local time (60 minutes after sunset). (click to embiggen).
Jupiter is setting mid evening and is above the western horizon in the early evening at full dark. It is close to the bright star Spica, the brightest star in the constellation of Virgo. Over the week Jupiter moves away from Spica
Opposition, when Jupiter is biggest and brightest as seen from Earth, was on April the 8th. Jupiter is rising before the sun sets and sets around 8:30 pm local time. Jupiter is now too low to be a good telescopic target, but the dance of its Moons is visible even in binoculars. The following Jupiter events are in AEST.
Fri 15 Sep 20:17 GRS: Crosses Central Meridian Sun 17 Sep 19:04 Io : Disappears into Occultation Mon 18 Sep 18:24 Io : Transit Ends S Mon 18 Sep 19:01 Io : Shadow Transit Ends Wed 20 Sep 19:27 GRS: Crosses Central Meridian
Mercury is lost in the twilight.
Evening sky on Saturday September 16 looking north-west as seen from Adelaide at 19:32 ACST, 90 minutes after sunset.
The inset shows the telescopic view of Saturn at this time. Similar views will be seen elsewhere in Australia at the equivalent local time. (90 minutes after sunset, click to embiggen).
Saturn was at opposition on the 15th, when it was biggest and brightest in the sky as seen from earth. Saturn is visible all evening long. Saturn is a good telescopic target from 7:30 pm until midnight. It is poised above the dark rifts in the Milky Way and is in a good area for binocular hunting. Although still high in the early evening sky, Saturn begins to sink into the western evening skies as the week progresses. Saturn's rings are visible even in small telescopes and are always good to view.
The constellation of Scorpio is a good guide to locating Saturn. The distinctive curl of Scorpio is easy to see above the north-western horizon, locate the bright red star, Antares, and the look to the left of that, the next bright object is Saturn.
Morning sky on Monday September 18 looking east as seen from Adelaide at 5:30 ACST (45 minutes before sunrise). Venus is bright just above the horizon and is close to the Moon and the bright star Regulus.
Similar views will be seen throughout Australia at the equivalent local time (that is 45 minutes before sunrise, click to embiggen).
Venus is lowering in the morning sky and is visible in telescopes as a "Gibbous Moon". This week Venus comes closer to the bright star Regulus. It is becoming hard to see Venus in the early twilight, but it is still brilliant enough to be obvious shortly before sunrise. On the 18th Venus is close to the Crescent Moon and Regulus, There is also a daylight occultation of Venus on the 18th, but this event is for experienced observers only.
Mars is just emerging from the twilight, but will be difficult to see fro some weeks.
Printable PDF maps of the Eastern sky at 10 pm AEST, Western sky at 10 pm AEST. For further details and more information on what's up in the sky, see Southern Skywatch.
Cloud cover predictions can be found at SkippySky.
Here is the near-real time satellite view of the clouds (day and night) http://satview.bom.gov.au/
Labels: weekly sky
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Specifying the needs and support of families who has a child with hearing loss is needed to enhance the quality of services offered to them. The aim of this study is to investigate the mothers' opinions about the needs and support related to their children with hearing loss. The study is designed as a descriptive case study. The participants of the study were 11 mothers of children who are the primary caregivers. While 10 of the children had cochlear implant, one of them had a brainstem implant. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews, the researcher's journal and document analysis. Descriptive analysis technique was used for the analysis of the data. Mothers' needs related to their children were categorized under the following titles: informational, educational, psychosocial, financial and anticipated needs. It was also revealed that the families received support from their social circle, experts, internet, government and other families of children with hearing loss. The mothers mostly expected the government to raise the financial support. They also adviced other families who have children with hearing loss to look after these children well and meet their demands. It can be said that the need for information is closely related with other needs, and when the information need is met, it can fulfill some of the other needs.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://avesis.anadolu.edu.tr/yayin/ed3a5c5e-6278-47ee-97ee-ac13c2a4178a/the-investigation-of-the-opinions-of-mothers-of-children-with-hearing-loss-on-their-needs-and-support-regarding-their-children
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2025-06-24T20:13:06Z
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Pregnancy and the time just after birth can be exciting, but they also bring changes and stress. There are changes not only to the expecting mother’s body, but to the family, as well as to work and relationships. So it’s no wonder that, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 10–20% of women worldwide suffer from some mental disorder during this time.
Left untreated, those mental health challenges can have long-ranging consequences. Mothers may experience depression and anxiety, and both parents could be affected by a higher incidence of obsessive compulsive disorder, according to one study by the New York Times. Some of these mental health disorders can even lead to suicide.
Children, in turn, may be affected if a parent is incapacitated, and may suffer anything from diarrhoea to developmental delays and low IQs.
That’s why this May, a cross-party group of MPs and peers in the UK lobbied Jeremy Hunt, the then minister for public health and primary care, asking for emotional and mental health assessments for new mothers. They are advocating that mental health checks be carried out six weeks postpartum, a benchmark backed up by a 2014 study conducted by Kettunen, et al, published in BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth.
The rationale is that many of these mental health disorders are going undetected while we focus on the child and mother’s physical health. There is a serious lack of access to mental health care in many places. Additionally, shame, stigma, fear of losing their children, and an unwillingness to consider medication may keep a suffering parent from reaching out.
Currently, it is estimated that only 3% of new mothers in the UK have good access to mental health care during the perinatal period, defined as the time from pregnancy until one year after birth. The NHS is starting a funding push to expand that access.
The numbers in Japan don’t seem to be any better. According to one 2015 study conducted in Japan, only 1.8% of more than 400,000 people surveyed had received mental health care while they were pregnant and during the immediate postnatal period. A literature review conducted in 2017 states that, in Japan, 5–20% of women in the perinatal period experienced depression.
“Many Japanese women get so much pressure from people around them when they become a mother. Not only relatives, but also neighbours and even strangers, tend to tell [them] what to do,” says Kyoko Sonoda, MA, LPCC, a psychotherapist at TELL who has extensive experience working with children and families. “Many new mothers are nervous about making mistakes. Any small mistakes tend to be criticised, the mothers being told, ‘Now, you are a mother! Shikkari shinakya! (Pull yourself together!)’”.
And when they come home after the birth, mothers often face isolation. Sonoda says: “Japanese men tend to work long hours and go on many business trips. Recent labour shortages in Japan result in excessive work, since filling empty positions becomes harder each year. New fathers are too tired to support new mothers during the week”.
A national study conducted over 15 years in the UK, and published in 2016 in The Lancet, states: “Among women in contact with UK psychiatric services, suicides in the perinatal period were more likely to occur in those with a depression diagnosis and no active treatment at the time of death. Assertive follow-up and treatment of perinatal women in contact with psychiatric services are needed to address suicide risk in this group”.
Despite the dismal rate of mental health care for new mothers and expecting women, WHO says: “Maternal mental disorders are treatable. Effective interventions can be delivered even by well-trained non-specialist health providers”.
Sonoda outlines some points to remember.
There is no such thing as a perfect mother. It is okay to make mistakes. Many of your choices are not life threatening to your baby, and there are always other choices and opportunities to remedy unintended results.
It’s okay to take a break and have a rest. Asking others to take care of your baby does not mean you are a bad mother. Everyone needs time to be alone.
It is natural for you to become emotional and teary. There are a lot of hormonal changes occurring in your body.
Belonging to a parenting group will help to release a new parent’s stress and associated emotions.
If you can’t get out of bed or are crying frequently for more than a month, do not be afraid to seek professional help.
There is no need to suffer in silence. For the sake of our own health, and the health of our children, we need to address the gap in maternal mental health care.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://bccjacumen.com/new-mums-dont-suffer-silence/
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Choosing a college major is a significant decision that can shape your future career path. With a myriad of options available, many students find themselves overwhelmed when trying to determine the best major that aligns with their interests, skills, and career goals. However, students can make an informed decision by utilizing career assessment tools designed to evaluate their strengths, preferences, and values. These tools provide valuable insights that can help students navigate the process of selecting a major that suits their individual aspirations. Here are some popular career assessment tools that students can utilize to aid them in deciding on a major:
1. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a widely recognized personality assessment tool that categorizes individuals into one of 16 personality types based on their preferences in four key areas: extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. By understanding their Myers-Briggs personality type, students can gain insight into their communication style, decision-making process, and work environment preferences, which can help guide their choice of major and potential career paths.
2. Strong Interest Inventory
The Strong Interest Inventory is a career assessment tool that evaluates an individual’s interests across various occupational fields and identifies potential career paths that align with their interests. By answering a series of questions related to their preferences, skills, and values, students can receive a personalized report outlining recommended career options and majors that may be suitable for them.
3. Sokanu Career Test
The Sokanu Career Test is an interactive assessment tool that matches individuals with suitable career options based on their skills, interests, and personality traits. By completing the Sokanu Career Test, students can explore different majors and career paths that resonate with their strengths and preferences, providing valuable guidance in selecting a major that aligns with their unique profile.
CareerExplorer is a comprehensive career assessment platform that offers a range of tools to help individuals identify their career interests, personality traits, and strengths. By taking the CareerExplorer assessment, students can gain insights into potential majors and professions that complement their skills and passions, allowing them to make informed decisions about their academic and career pursuits.
PathSource is a mobile app that provides career assessment and exploration tools to help individuals discover their interests, values, and goals. By utilizing the PathSource app, students can assess their strengths and preferences to explore potential majors and career paths that align with their aspirations, ultimately aiding them in making informed decisions about their academic pursuits.
Career assessment tools can be invaluable resources for students who are deciding on a major and seeking clarity on their academic and career pathways. By leveraging the insights provided by tools such as the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Strong Interest Inventory, Sokanu Career Test, CareerExplorer, and PathSource, students can gain a better understanding of their strengths, interests, and values, ultimately guiding them towards choosing a major that aligns with their individual goals and aspirations. By taking the time to assess their preferences and explore potential career options, students can embark on a path that leads to a fulfilling and successful academic journey.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://biboplay.com/career-assessment-tools-for-students-deciding-on-a-major.html
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2025-06-24T20:18:26Z
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What is Ethereum?
Tiền điện tử cho người mới bắt đầu
Các bài viết khác
Ethereum is a cryptocurrency-transfer system that allows you to send cryptocurrency to anyone for a nominal charge. It also powers open-source programs that no one can take down. It's the first programmable blockchain in the world. Ethereum is a fork of Bitcoin, with a few key modifications. Both allow you to utilize digital money without the need for a payment provider or a bank. However, because Ethereum is programmable, you may use it to create a variety of digital assets, including Bitcoin. This means Ethereum can be used for more than just payments. It's a financial services, gaming, and software store that won't steal your data or censor you.
ETH or Ether is an Ethereum’s cryptocurrency, and it is the second biggest in the world, right after Bitcoin. People, who are mining ETH are allowing Ethereum to be secure and free of centralized control, or in other words we can say that ETH powers Ethereum.
Ethereum, like other cryptocurrencies, is built on the blockchain platform. Imagine a lengthy chain of blocks connected, with every member of the blockchain network knowing all there is to know about each block. Distributed consensus regarding the status of the blockchain may be generated and maintained if every member of the network has the same knowledge of the blockchain, which works as an electronic ledger.
Blockchain technology establishes a distributed consensus on the Ethereum network's current state. To process Ethereum transactions and manufacture new ether currencies, or to execute smart contracts for Ethereum dApps, new blocks are added to the very lengthy Ethereum blockchain.
Ethereum is also protected by cryptography, meaning that your wallet and transactions are secured. Peer-to-peer payments allows you to send ETH without any intermediary service like a bank. As mentioned above, there is no centralized control and the coin is global and open to anyone with internet access and a wallet which accepts ETH. Ethereum is divisible to up to 18 decimals, which means that one does not need to buy a whole ETH but can buy only a fraction of it.
The decentralized nature of blockchain technology provides security to the Ethereum network. The Ethereum blockchain network is maintained by a massive network of computers all over the world, and any changes to the blockchain require distributed consensus (majority agreement). To successfully manipulate the Ethereum blockchain, an individual or group of network members would need to achieve majority control of the Ethereum platform's computational power—a job that would be enormous, if not impossible.
ETH and other cryptocurrencies can only support a limited number of apps on the Ethereum platform. On the Ethereum platform, users may build, publish, monetize, and utilize a wide range of apps, and they can pay with ETH or another cryptocurrency.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://bitmarkets.academy/vi/crypto-for-beginners/co-je-ethereum
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2025-06-24T19:46:10Z
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by Melissa Chichester
Several health advocacy groups including the American Heart Association recommend eating a diet rich in colorful fruits and vegetables. Mother Nature provides us with a vivid array of colorful, nutritious foods that are pigmented thanks to flavonoids, pigments that act as antioxidants. Purple foods get their color from flavonoids called anthocyanins, which are responsible for creating red, blue, and purple pigments. These pigments attract pollinators to flowers, and as antioxidants can contribute to fighting free radicals in the body. Perk up your plate with this selection of purple plant food!
Did you know that the eggplant is not a vegetable, but a berry? This fleshy fruit is a nightshade related to the tomato and potato. Originally cultivated in Asia, eggplant is a perennial that prefers a temperate, tropical climate. In recent years the eggplant has gained popularity as a substitute for meat in the vegetarian community. Eggplant also carries an impressive array of nutrients to support well-being, including potassium, fiber, and Vitamin B-6.*
Red cabbage is also known as blue kraut and purple cabbage. In the United States, red cabbage is usually used in coleslaw, but in Germany, it is used to dress up sauerbraten, a traditional German pot roast.
Red cabbage also boasts 10 times more Vitamin A than green cabbage, and more iron.
Red cabbage is also a source of Vitamin K.
Figs are best known for their use in jam making, tarts, and cookies; however, figs can be consumed fresh or dried. Figs are also documented in several religious texts and mythology, and they were used in folk practices of the Mediterranean. Fresh figs are the most flavorful at room temperature and should be consumed while they are soft. Dried figs are a good source of dietary fiber and contain essential mineral manganese.
Elderberry is a traditional herb used for immune support.* In addition, the berries can be consumed after they are ripe and fully cooked. Elderberries grow all over the world, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere, and the tiny white flowers of the elderberry plant attract birds and butterflies. In Central Europe, elderberries are rolled into palatschinken, a breakfast dish similar to a French crepe. Elderberries also contain important nutrients including Vitamin C, Vitamin B-6, and iron.
Most of us know prunes (dried plums) for their reputation as a digestive agent and with good reason: one cup of prunes contains 12 grams of dietary fiber. They also contain protein, Vitamin A, magnesium, and Vitamin B-6. Prunes were originally cultivated near the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. Today, California produces 40% of the world’s supply of prunes, making it the largest producer in the world!
Acai berries are small purple fruits that have slowly gained popularity during the last ten years due to their superfruit reputation. A cross between grapes and blueberries, acai berries are native to Brazil and Trinidad, but today they also grow in Peru and Belize.
Acai berries contain beneficial antioxidants, even more than blueberries, raspberries, and cranberries.
Purple pod pole beans (say that ten times fast!) are heirloom plants that were discovered in the 1930s by Henry Field in the Ozark Mountains. Also known as “purple podded pole” (another tongue twister!), these beans grow on long vines and turn green when they are cooked. A source of Vitamins C, K, and A, purple pod pole beans taste best fresh or frozen rather than canned.
Beets are no longer just for boiling or roasting! Beets have entered the mainstream food market for their use in hummus, juice, powders, and even smoothies. Interestingly, the entire beet plant is edible, including the leaves. Beets contain many beneficial nutrients, including potassium, folate, Vitamin C, nitrates, and fiber. In recent years, many endurance athletes have touted raw beet juice because of the presence of these nutrients.
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Welcome to the Step 2 Water Table Instructions guide! This comprehensive manual will help you assemble and use your water table effectively‚ ensuring safe and enjoyable play for kids while promoting creativity and learning through water-based activities. Follow these steps to create a fun and engaging outdoor experience for children.
Overview of the Step 2 Water Table
The Step 2 Water Table is a versatile and engaging outdoor play system designed for children to explore sensory play with water. It features multiple tiers‚ interactive elements like spinners and spigots‚ and accessories such as cups‚ scoops‚ and molds. Built for durability‚ the table is constructed from sturdy plastic and designed to withstand outdoor conditions. Its UV-resistant finish ensures long-lasting color and functionality. The water table is ideal for kids aged 2 to 8 years‚ promoting creativity‚ fine motor skills‚ and imaginative play. With a capacity of up to 5 gallons of water‚ it offers endless fun while teaching cause-and-effect principles. Assembly is straightforward‚ following the included instructions.
Importance of Following Assembly Instructions
Following the Step 2 Water Table assembly instructions is crucial for ensuring safety‚ functionality‚ and longevity of the product. Proper assembly guarantees that all components fit securely‚ minimizing the risk of breakage or instability. Misaligned parts can lead to leaks or structural weaknesses‚ potentially causing accidents. Additionally‚ incorrect assembly may void the product warranty. By adhering to the step-by-step guide‚ you ensure the water table performs optimally‚ providing a stable and enjoyable play experience for children. Taking the time to follow the instructions carefully will result in a durable and safe product that withstands repeated use and outdoor exposure. This attention to detail ensures years of fun and learning for kids.
Components of the Step 2 Water Table
The Step 2 Water Table includes a durable base‚ legs‚ water tray‚ spigot‚ and various accessories like cups‚ scoops‚ and molds. These components ensure functionality and fun.
Understanding the Parts and Accessories
The Step 2 Water Table comes with a variety of parts and accessories designed to enhance play and functionality. The main components include a durable water tray‚ a spigot for water flow control‚ and a base with sturdy legs for stability. Additional accessories like cups‚ scoops‚ and molds are often included to encourage creative water play. These parts are made from high-quality‚ child-safe materials and are designed to withstand outdoor weather conditions. Understanding each part’s purpose and proper assembly is crucial for ensuring the water table functions correctly and provides hours of fun for children. Always refer to the manual for specific details.
Tools Required for Assembly
To assemble the Step 2 Water Table‚ you’ll need a few essential tools. A flathead screwdriver and Phillips screwdriver are necessary for securing screws and bolts. An adjustable wrench or pliers may be required for tightening connections. Additionally‚ a small Allen key could be needed for specific bolts. A rubber mallet is helpful for tapping parts into place without causing damage. While not mandatory‚ clamps or an extra pair of hands can make assembly easier. Ensure all tools are within reach before starting. Always refer to the product manual for specific tool recommendations tailored to your model. Proper tools ensure a smooth and efficient assembly process.
Step-by-Step Assembly Instructions
This section provides a detailed guide to assembling your Step 2 Water Table. Follow the sequential steps to ensure proper installation of all components‚ from the base to the water tray and accessories‚ using the required tools. Each step is designed to be clear and easy to follow‚ ensuring the water table is ready for safe and enjoyable use.
Preparing the Workspace and Tools
Before starting the assembly‚ ensure your workspace is clean‚ flat‚ and large enough to accommodate all parts. Gather the required tools‚ such as an Allen wrench‚ screwdriver‚ and possibly a rubber mallet. Lay out all components and hardware to avoid losing any pieces. Refer to the instruction manual for a detailed list of tools and parts. Organize the components in labeled groups for easy access. Clear the area of clutter or breakable items to prevent accidents. Good lighting is essential for visibility. Double-check that all items from the box are accounted for before proceeding. This preparation ensures a smooth and efficient assembly process;
Assembling the Base and Legs
Start by assembling the base of the water table‚ which serves as the foundation. Attach the legs to the base using the provided bolts and screws. Ensure each leg is securely tightened to maintain stability. Use an Allen wrench or screwdriver as specified in the manual. Align the legs evenly to prevent wobbling. Once the base is stable‚ proceed to attach any additional support brackets if included. Double-check all connections for tightness. Properly assembled legs ensure the water table remains level and secure‚ preventing accidental tipping during play. This step is crucial for safety and durability of the product.
Attaching the Water Tray and Spigot
Once the base and legs are securely assembled‚ focus on attaching the water tray and spigot. Start by aligning the water tray with the base‚ ensuring it fits snugly into the designated slots. Secure the tray using the provided clips or brackets‚ tightening firmly to prevent movement; Next‚ locate the spigot and attach it to the underside of the tray‚ following the manufacturer’s instructions. Tighten all connections to ensure a leak-free seal. Finally‚ test the spigot by gently turning it to confirm proper function. A correctly installed water tray and spigot system ensures efficient water flow and safe play for children.
Installing Additional Features and Accessories
After assembling the core components‚ proceed to install any additional features or accessories. Common additions include splash towers‚ umbrellas‚ or interactive water toys. Begin by identifying the accessory and its designated mounting location on the water table. Use the provided screws‚ clips‚ or connectors to secure it firmly. Ensure all parts are tightly fastened to avoid wobbling or detachment during use. For electronic features‚ like pumps or lights‚ follow the wiring instructions carefully. Once installed‚ test each accessory to ensure proper function. These additions enhance playability and creativity‚ making the water table more engaging for children. Always refer to the specific accessory instructions for detailed guidance.
Final Check and Testing
Once the assembly is complete‚ perform a final inspection to ensure all parts are securely attached and functioning properly. Check for any leaks around the spigot‚ pipes‚ or connections. Fill the water table with water to test the flow and drainage systems. Activate any pumps or interactive features to confirm they operate smoothly. Inspect the stability of the table to ensure it is level and sturdy. Clean any dust or debris from the surface and accessories. Finally‚ allow children to play and observe the table’s performance under normal use. Address any issues promptly to ensure safe and enjoyable play. Proper testing ensures everything works as intended.
Cleaning and Maintenance Tips
Regularly clean the water table using mild soapy water to prevent dirt buildup. Drain and sanitize the water tray after each use to maintain hygiene. Rinse thoroughly and dry to avoid mold growth. Inspect and replace worn-out parts promptly to ensure longevity and safety. Proper maintenance ensures optimal performance and extends the lifespan of your Step 2 Water Table‚ keeping it safe and enjoyable for children to play with.
Regular Cleaning Procedures
Regular cleaning is essential to maintain the Step 2 Water Table’s functionality and hygiene. Start by draining all water from the table and rinsing it thoroughly with clean water. Use a mild soap solution and a soft brush to scrub away dirt and stains‚ ensuring all surfaces are clean. Avoid harsh chemicals to prevent damage to the materials. After cleaning‚ rinse the table thoroughly and allow it to air dry to prevent mold or mildew growth. Repeat this process after each use and perform a deeper clean weekly to keep the water table in excellent condition for safe and enjoyable play.
Draining and Storing Water
Properly draining and storing water from your Step 2 Water Table is crucial for maintaining its condition and preventing mold growth. After each use‚ drain the water completely using the spigot or by tilting the table gently. Use a clean towel to wipe down all surfaces and remove any remaining moisture. Store the table in a well-ventilated‚ dry area to ensure it remains free from mildew. For extended storage‚ drain all water and allow the table to air dry thoroughly before covering or storing. Regularly checking for blockages in the drainage system will ensure smooth operation when it’s time to use the table again.
Sanitizing the Water Table
Sanitizing your Step 2 Water Table is essential to maintain a clean and safe play environment for children. Start by draining all water and rinsing the table with mild soapy water. Use a soft sponge or cloth to scrub away any dirt or stains. For deeper cleaning‚ mix 1 part white vinegar with 2 parts water and apply the solution to all surfaces. Let it sit for 10 minutes before rinsing thoroughly. Regular sanitization prevents mold and mildew growth‚ ensuring the water table remains hygienic for continuous use. Always dry the table completely after cleaning to prevent water spots and bacterial growth.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Address leaks by tightening connections‚ clear spigot clogs with a small brush‚ and ensure stability by checking leg alignment. Regular maintenance prevents major issues.
Identifying and Fixing Leaks
To address leaks in your Step 2 Water Table‚ start by inspecting all connections and seals. Tighten any loose fittings or bolts. If water seeps from the spigot area‚ check for worn-out gaskets and replace them if necessary. For leaks in the water tray‚ apply a silicone-based sealant to the affected areas. Allow the sealant to dry completely before refilling the table. Regularly cleaning the table with mild soapy water can help prevent clogs and reduce the risk of leaks. Always refer to the official manual for specific guidance on replacing parts or repairing seals to ensure longevity and proper function.
Resolving Clogs in the Spigot
To resolve clogs in the spigot of your Step 2 Water Table‚ start by cleaning the spigot thoroughly with mild soapy water. Use a soft brush to remove any debris or sediment. If the clog persists‚ disassemble the spigot (if possible) and soak the parts in warm soapy water. For stubborn clogs‚ use a small plastic needle or toothpick to gently clear the blockage. After cleaning‚ rinse the spigot with clean water and reassemble it. Regularly flushing the system with clean water can help prevent future clogs. Always ensure the spigot is free from obstructions to maintain proper water flow and functionality.
Addressing Stability Concerns
Ensuring the stability of your Step 2 Water Table is crucial for safe and enjoyable use. Begin by placing the table on a flat‚ even surface to prevent wobbling. Check the legs for proper alignment and tighten any loose screws or bolts using the provided Allen wrench. If the table still feels unstable‚ consider attaching adhesive-backed felt pads to the bottom of the legs to improve balance and prevent slipping. Regularly inspect the legs for damage or wear and replace any compromised parts. Proper assembly and periodic checks will help maintain the table’s stability‚ ensuring it remains secure and steady for years of play.
Thank you for following the Step 2 Water Table Instructions! With proper assembly and care‚ your water table will provide endless fun for kids‚ promoting creativity and imaginative play while ensuring durability and safety. Happy building!
Final Thoughts on Assembly and Usage
Assembling and using your Step 2 Water Table is a straightforward process that ensures hours of fun for children. By following the instructions carefully‚ you can create a sturdy and functional water play area that encourages creativity and learning. Regular maintenance‚ such as cleaning with mild soapy water and proper storage‚ will extend the life of your water table. Always supervise children during play and ensure they follow safety guidelines. With these steps‚ your Step 2 Water Table will become a beloved outdoor toy‚ fostering imagination and enjoyment for years to come.
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Market sentiment refers to the overall attitude of investors towards a particular security or financial market. It is a crucial concept in the realm of finance, as it encapsulates the collective feelings and perceptions that drive market movements. Essentially, market sentiment can be categorised as either bullish or bearish.
A bullish sentiment indicates optimism among investors, leading to increased buying activity and rising prices, while a bearish sentiment reflects pessimism, resulting in selling pressure and declining prices. Understanding market sentiment is vital for traders and investors alike, as it can significantly influence their decision-making processes and investment strategies. The nuances of market sentiment extend beyond mere price movements; they encompass a wide array of psychological factors that can sway investor behaviour.
For instance, news events, economic indicators, and geopolitical developments can all contribute to shifts in sentiment. Additionally, social media and online forums have emerged as powerful platforms where opinions are shared and sentiments are formed, often leading to rapid changes in market dynamics. By grasping the intricacies of market sentiment, investors can better position themselves to anticipate potential market trends and make informed decisions that align with prevailing attitudes.
- Market sentiment refers to the overall attitude of investors towards a particular market or asset.
- Factors influencing market sentiment include economic indicators, news events, and geopolitical developments.
- Understanding market sentiment is important as it can impact market trends and asset prices.
- Market sentiment can affect trading by influencing buying and selling decisions of investors.
- Tools for analyzing market sentiment include sentiment indicators, social media analysis, and news sentiment analysis.
Factors Influencing Market Sentiment
Numerous factors play a pivotal role in shaping market sentiment, each contributing to the complex tapestry of investor psychology. Economic indicators such as unemployment rates, inflation figures, and GDP growth are fundamental in influencing how investors perceive the health of the economy. Positive economic data often fosters a sense of confidence, encouraging investors to buy into markets, while negative indicators can lead to fear and uncertainty, prompting a sell-off.
Furthermore, central bank policies, particularly interest rate decisions and quantitative easing measures, can have profound effects on market sentiment by altering the cost of borrowing and influencing liquidity in the financial system. In addition to economic factors, external events such as political developments and global crises can significantly sway market sentiment. For example, elections, trade negotiations, and international conflicts can create an atmosphere of uncertainty that affects investor confidence.
Moreover, the rise of digital communication has amplified the impact of public sentiment on financial markets. Social media platforms allow for rapid dissemination of information and opinions, which can lead to herd behaviour among investors. As a result, understanding these multifaceted influences is essential for anyone looking to navigate the complexities of market sentiment effectively.
Importance of Market Sentiment
The significance of market sentiment cannot be overstated; it serves as a barometer for investor confidence and can dictate the direction of financial markets. A strong bullish sentiment can lead to prolonged periods of rising asset prices, creating wealth for investors and fostering a positive economic environment. Conversely, a prevailing bearish sentiment can trigger widespread panic selling, resulting in sharp declines in asset values and potentially leading to broader economic repercussions.
Therefore, recognising shifts in market sentiment is crucial for investors seeking to optimise their portfolios and mitigate risks associated with sudden market downturns. Moreover, market sentiment plays a vital role in shaping investment strategies. Investors who are attuned to prevailing sentiments can make more informed decisions about when to enter or exit positions.
For instance, during periods of heightened optimism, investors may choose to capitalise on upward trends by increasing their exposure to equities. Conversely, during times of pessimism, they may opt to hedge their portfolios or seek refuge in safer assets such as bonds or gold. By understanding the importance of market sentiment, investors can enhance their ability to navigate the complexities of financial markets and make strategic choices that align with their risk tolerance and investment goals.
How Market Sentiment Affects Trading
Market sentiment has a profound impact on trading behaviour, influencing not only individual investors but also institutional players and market dynamics as a whole. When sentiment is bullish, traders are more likely to engage in aggressive buying strategies, often leading to increased trading volumes and heightened volatility. This surge in activity can create a self-reinforcing cycle where rising prices attract more buyers, further driving up asset values.
Conversely, during bearish periods, traders may adopt more cautious approaches, leading to reduced trading volumes and potential liquidity issues in the market. Additionally, market sentiment can affect the timing of trades. Traders who are attuned to shifts in sentiment may adjust their strategies accordingly, entering positions when optimism is high or exiting when fear prevails.
This responsiveness to sentiment can be particularly advantageous in short-term trading scenarios where timing is critical. However, it is essential for traders to remain vigilant and avoid being swept up in emotional decision-making driven by prevailing sentiments. By maintaining a disciplined approach and incorporating technical analysis alongside sentiment indicators, traders can better navigate the complexities of market movements influenced by collective investor psychology.
Tools for Analyzing Market Sentiment
To effectively gauge market sentiment, traders and investors have access to a variety of analytical tools designed to provide insights into investor behaviour and attitudes. One commonly used tool is the Sentiment Indicator, which aggregates data from various sources such as surveys, social media activity, and trading volumes to assess overall market mood. These indicators can range from simple metrics like the put-call ratio—indicating whether more investors are buying puts (bearish) or calls (bullish)—to more complex models that analyse historical price movements alongside current trading patterns.
Another valuable resource for analysing market sentiment is news sentiment analysis tools that utilise natural language processing algorithms to evaluate the tone of news articles and social media posts related to specific assets or markets. By quantifying the positivity or negativity of news coverage, these tools can provide traders with a clearer picture of prevailing sentiments that may influence price movements. Additionally, platforms that offer real-time data on social media trends can help investors identify emerging narratives that could impact market dynamics.
By leveraging these analytical tools, traders can enhance their understanding of market sentiment and make more informed decisions based on comprehensive data analysis.
Strategies for Capitalizing on Market Sentiment
Capitalising on market sentiment requires a strategic approach that combines an understanding of investor psychology with sound trading principles. One effective strategy is trend following, where traders align their positions with prevailing market sentiments. For instance, during bullish phases characterised by positive sentiment, traders may look for opportunities to buy into rising stocks or indices while employing stop-loss orders to manage risk.
Conversely, during bearish periods marked by negative sentiment, short-selling strategies may be employed to profit from declining asset prices. Another approach involves contrarian investing—taking positions that go against prevailing sentiments. This strategy hinges on the belief that extreme bullish or bearish sentiments often lead to overvalued or undervalued assets.
For example, when widespread panic grips the market during a downturn, contrarian investors may identify undervalued stocks with strong fundamentals and initiate positions with the expectation that prices will eventually rebound as sentiment shifts back towards optimism. By employing these strategies thoughtfully and remaining adaptable to changing market conditions, investors can effectively capitalise on fluctuations in market sentiment.
Risks of Following Market Sentiment
While understanding and leveraging market sentiment can offer significant advantages, it is not without its risks. One primary concern is the potential for herd behaviour—where investors collectively follow trends without conducting thorough analysis—leading to irrational price movements that do not reflect underlying fundamentals. This phenomenon can result in bubbles during bullish phases or panic selling during bearish periods, creating opportunities for significant losses if investors are not cautious about their entry and exit points.
Moreover, relying solely on market sentiment without considering other critical factors such as economic indicators or company fundamentals can lead to misguided investment decisions. Sentiment-driven trading may result in short-term gains but could expose investors to greater risks if they fail to recognise when sentiments shift abruptly. Therefore, it is essential for traders and investors to maintain a balanced perspective that incorporates both sentiment analysis and fundamental research to navigate potential pitfalls associated with following market sentiment too closely.
Navigating Market Sentiment
Navigating market sentiment is an intricate endeavour that requires a blend of psychological insight and analytical acumen. Understanding how collective attitudes shape financial markets empowers investors to make informed decisions that align with prevailing trends while also recognising potential risks associated with emotional trading behaviours. By staying attuned to economic indicators, geopolitical developments, and social media narratives, traders can enhance their ability to anticipate shifts in sentiment and adjust their strategies accordingly.
Ultimately, successful navigation of market sentiment hinges on maintaining a disciplined approach that balances emotional intelligence with rigorous analysis. While capitalising on prevailing sentiments can yield substantial rewards, it is crucial for investors to remain vigilant against the inherent risks associated with herd behaviour and irrational decision-making. By cultivating a comprehensive understanding of market sentiment alongside sound investment principles, traders can position themselves for success in an ever-evolving financial landscape characterised by fluctuating emotions and perceptions.
For those interested in understanding the nuances of market sentiment and its implications on business strategies, a related article worth exploring is the Marconi case study. This study delves into how Marconi, a significant player in the telecommunications sector, navigated through various market conditions and the strategic decisions they made in response to changing market sentiments. You can read more about this insightful case study by visiting Marconi’s strategic business decisions and market sentiment analysis. This article provides a practical illustration of market sentiment in action, making it a valuable resource for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of this complex subject.
What is market sentiment?
Market sentiment refers to the overall attitude or feeling of investors and traders towards a particular financial market or asset. It is often influenced by various factors such as economic indicators, news events, and market trends.
How is market sentiment measured?
Market sentiment can be measured using various indicators and tools, including surveys, sentiment indices, and technical analysis. These tools help to gauge the overall mood and confidence of market participants.
Why is market sentiment important?
Market sentiment is important because it can impact the direction and volatility of financial markets. Positive sentiment can lead to bullish market conditions, while negative sentiment can result in bearish market conditions.
What are the different types of market sentiment?
There are generally three types of market sentiment: bullish sentiment, bearish sentiment, and neutral sentiment. Bullish sentiment reflects optimism and confidence in the market, while bearish sentiment reflects pessimism and fear. Neutral sentiment indicates a lack of strong conviction in either direction.
How does market sentiment affect trading decisions?
Market sentiment can influence trading decisions as it can create momentum in the market. Traders often use sentiment analysis to identify potential opportunities and risks, and to make informed decisions about buying or selling assets.
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In recent years, the construction industry has faced increasing scrutiny over the rising incidence of mold problems in new buildings. Despite advancements in building technology and materials, mold issues persist, often due to fundamental design flaws that compromise a structure’s ability to manage moisture effectively. Mold not only tarnishes the aesthetic and structural integrity of a building but also poses significant health risks to its occupants. Understanding how design flaws contribute to these problems is crucial for architects, builders, and homeowners alike. This article delves into five critical subtopics that illuminate the role of design in fostering mold growth: inadequate ventilation systems, poor moisture control and waterproofing, insufficient drainage and grading, the use of moisture-sensitive building materials, and faulty HVAC design and installation.
Firstly, inadequate ventilation systems are a primary culprit in exacerbating mold problems. Proper airflow is essential to prevent the accumulation of moisture-laden air within a building. When ventilation is poorly designed or insufficient, humidity levels can rise, creating an ideal environment for mold to thrive. This issue is particularly prevalent in new constructions where energy efficiency is prioritized, often at the expense of adequate ventilation.
Similarly, poor moisture control and waterproofing practices can lead to significant mold issues. Buildings must be designed with effective waterproofing strategies to prevent water ingress through roofs, walls, and foundations. When these systems are either inadequately designed or improperly installed, moisture can seep into the structure, providing the perfect breeding ground for mold.
Another critical factor is insufficient drainage and grading around the building site. Proper grading ensures that water drains away from the structure, reducing the risk of water accumulation near the foundation. When these elements are overlooked during the design phase, water can pool around the building, increasing the likelihood of moisture infiltration and subsequent mold growth.
Moreover, the use of moisture-sensitive building materials can exacerbate mold problems. Materials that easily absorb water, such as certain types of wood or drywall, can quickly become mold-infested if exposed to high humidity or direct water contact. Selecting appropriate materials and ensuring they are protected from moisture exposure is vital in preventing mold issues.
Lastly, faulty HVAC design and installation can significantly contribute to mold growth. HVAC systems are responsible for regulating indoor climate, including humidity levels. When these systems are poorly designed or installed, they may fail to effectively control humidity, leading to conditions that favor mold proliferation. Understanding these design-related challenges is essential for mitigating mold problems in new constructions and ensuring healthier, more durable buildings.
Inadequate Ventilation Systems
Inadequate ventilation systems are a significant design flaw in new constructions that can lead to mold problems. Proper ventilation is crucial for maintaining indoor air quality and controlling moisture levels within a building. When a ventilation system is poorly designed or insufficient, it fails to remove excess moisture from the air. This moisture can stem from everyday activities such as cooking, showering, and even breathing. Without adequate ventilation, this moisture accumulates, creating an environment conducive to mold growth.
Mold thrives in environments where there is excess moisture, warmth, and organic material to feed on. In buildings with inadequate ventilation, these conditions are often met. The lack of airflow prevents moisture from escaping, allowing it to condense on surfaces like walls, ceilings, and floors. Over time, these damp areas become breeding grounds for mold, which can damage building materials and pose health risks to occupants. Effective ventilation systems are designed to continuously exchange indoor air with fresh outdoor air, thereby reducing humidity levels and preventing the conditions that mold needs to flourish.
Additionally, inadequate ventilation systems can exacerbate other design flaws, such as poor moisture control and the use of moisture-sensitive materials. If a building is constructed with materials that easily absorb moisture, and there is no effective system to manage indoor humidity, the likelihood of mold problems increases significantly. By ensuring that new constructions are equipped with properly designed and installed ventilation systems, builders can mitigate the risk of mold and improve the overall indoor environment for occupants.
Poor Moisture Control and Waterproofing
Poor moisture control and waterproofing are critical factors that can lead to mold problems in new constructions. When a building is not properly protected against moisture ingress, it becomes vulnerable to mold growth, which can have serious implications for both the structure of the building and the health of its occupants. Moisture can enter a building through various means, such as leaks in the roof or walls, foundation cracks, or even through the ground. If these potential entry points are not adequately sealed or waterproofed, moisture can accumulate in areas such as basements, crawl spaces, or behind walls, creating an ideal environment for mold to thrive.
One of the primary reasons for poor moisture control in new constructions is the use of inadequate waterproofing materials or techniques. Builders may sometimes cut corners by using cheaper materials that do not provide sufficient moisture barriers, or they might fail to properly apply waterproof coatings and sealants. This oversight can lead to water seepage during heavy rains or due to rising groundwater, which, if not addressed, can result in persistent dampness and mold growth. Additionally, improper installation of windows and doors can lead to water intrusion, which further exacerbates the problem.
Furthermore, design flaws such as insufficient attention to the building’s overall moisture management strategy can contribute to mold issues. A comprehensive moisture management plan should include proper drainage systems, effective waterproofing measures, and adequate ventilation to ensure that any moisture that does enter the building can be quickly and effectively dealt with. Without these systems in place, new constructions are at a higher risk of developing mold problems, which can be costly to remediate and potentially hazardous to health. Therefore, it is essential to prioritize proper moisture control and waterproofing during the design and construction phases to prevent mold problems in new buildings.
Insufficient Drainage and Grading
Insufficient drainage and grading are critical design flaws that can significantly contribute to mold problems in new constructions. Proper drainage and grading are vital to directing water away from a building’s foundation and preventing water accumulation around the structure. When the land surrounding a building is not adequately graded, water can pool around the foundation, leading to increased moisture levels in basements or crawl spaces. This excess moisture creates an ideal environment for mold growth, which can compromise the structural integrity of the building and pose health risks to its occupants.
Poor drainage systems exacerbate these issues by failing to efficiently channel rainwater away from the building. Gutters and downspouts that are improperly installed or maintained can lead to water overflow, which further saturates the soil around the foundation. Without a proper drainage system, rainwater and groundwater are likely to seep into the building, increasing the risk of mold development. This issue highlights the importance of a well-designed drainage system, which includes grading the landscape to slope away from the building, installing effective gutters and downspouts, and ensuring proper water discharge through drainage pipes or swales.
Addressing drainage and grading issues in the design phase of construction can prevent mold problems before they begin. Architects and builders should conduct thorough site assessments to understand the natural water flow and soil conditions before finalizing the design. Implementing appropriate grading techniques and installing effective drainage systems not only help manage water flow but also protect the building’s foundation and interior spaces from moisture intrusion. By prioritizing these elements in the design and construction process, builders can significantly reduce the likelihood of mold problems and ensure a healthier, more durable building.
Use of Moisture-Sensitive Building Materials
The use of moisture-sensitive building materials in construction is a critical factor that can contribute to mold problems in new buildings. These materials, such as certain types of insulation, drywall, and wood products, can absorb moisture from the environment. When these materials are used in areas prone to dampness or exposed to water intrusion, they can become breeding grounds for mold. Mold thrives in dark, damp environments where organic materials are present, making moisture-sensitive building materials a perfect host.
One of the primary issues with moisture-sensitive materials is their susceptibility to humidity and water exposure. For instance, gypsum board, commonly used in interior walls, can quickly absorb moisture if not adequately protected or sealed. Once wet, it takes a long time to dry out, providing an ideal environment for mold spores to settle and grow. This is especially problematic in areas like basements, bathrooms, and kitchens, where moisture levels are typically higher.
To mitigate these risks, builders and architects should consider using moisture-resistant materials, particularly in areas where exposure to water is likely. Materials such as treated wood, water-resistant drywall, and specially designed insulations can help prevent the absorption of moisture. Additionally, ensuring that all building materials are stored properly during construction to prevent exposure to rain or high humidity is crucial. By carefully selecting materials and employing proper building techniques, the risk of mold due to moisture-sensitive materials can be significantly reduced in new constructions.
Faulty HVAC Design and Installation
Faulty HVAC design and installation can significantly contribute to mold problems in new constructions. HVAC systems are designed to control the indoor climate and maintain air quality, but when they are not properly designed or installed, they can inadvertently create conditions conducive to mold growth. One of the primary roles of an HVAC system is to regulate humidity levels within a building. If the system is not adequately designed to handle the building’s specific needs, it may fail to maintain appropriate humidity levels, leading to excessive moisture accumulation. High humidity levels create an ideal environment for mold spores to settle and proliferate.
Moreover, improper HVAC installation can lead to poor air circulation and uneven temperature distribution throughout the building. These issues can result in certain areas becoming cooler and more humid, such as corners or spaces behind walls, which are perfect breeding grounds for mold. In addition, poorly sealed ductwork can lead to leaks, allowing moist air to escape into unconditioned spaces, further exacerbating the problem. This not only increases the likelihood of mold growth but also reduces the efficiency of the HVAC system, leading to higher energy costs and potential long-term damage to the building’s structural integrity.
Inadequate HVAC system maintenance is another contributing factor. Even a well-designed and installed system can fail if not regularly maintained. Filters, ducts, and other components can accumulate dust and debris, which can hold moisture and provide nutrients for mold. Regular inspections and maintenance are crucial to ensuring the system operates effectively and continues to control moisture levels within the building. Properly addressing HVAC design and installation errors is essential to preventing mold problems in new constructions and ensuring a healthy indoor environment.
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2025-06-24T19:39:43Z
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Disaster and Earth Science
The Bangladesh Genocide became a significant issue when Pakistani army officers and their military personnel were accused of war crimes. What does mass murder mean or Genocide? How it is defined is very important. Genocide is the most heinous crime committed by human beings in the eyes of the law.
Genocide is not a very old word. It was recently attached to the International Court of Justice. But despite being a recent addition, people have been committing such heinous crimes for a long time.
In December 1948, the United Nations held an international conference on genocide. The best lawyers and academics in the world were there. You might define genocide in a certain way.
Genocide means one of the following crimes; That it be intentionally done to every group, community, nation, tribe, society, and part or all of the country.
They are broadly included as;
This convention states that if this genocide is committed in time of war or at any other time, it shall be tried by an international court. Two facts are closely related to the crime of genocide
It is not necessary to prove that the leader of the ruling party expressed an intention to commit genocide or that the genocide was organized by his subordinates. Even if the head of the ruling party had no intention, the crime of mass murder organized by his government representatives as head of government could not be avoided. It is normal. The reason is that the Supreme Commander could not give proper instructions to prevent genocide. Such cases were decided by competent judges in the United States and England during the Nuremberg war crimes trials and the Me Lai massacre in Vietnam, which was linked to the Bangladesh genocide.
The genocide law states that when the purpose is motivated and planned to eliminate a country’s political leaders, religious leaders, intellectual communities, or members of any group, this is called genocide. In this regard, there is clear evidence in Bangladesh that massacres were organized which is called the Bangladesh Genocide. A clear plan was drawn up to de-intellectualize East Pakistan. And this evil plan worked and the West Pakistan Army killed the Bangladeshi Buddhists, leaving Bangladesh with a defenseless, semi-educated population.
Even Mr. Bhutto’s boastful statements are proof of this. Such crimes can be reduced in the future by discovering the incident through careful investigation. In the past, many junior army commanders were acquitted of such threats by Me Lai’s trial. If all civilian Pakistanis revealed the true side of history, the war criminals could be brought to justice or their names are forgotten forever from the minds of the Pakistani public. The actual events remained largely unknown in the controlled media and communications system of the era and must be uncovered and brought to daylight.
In 1971, details of mass killings in East Pakistan became known. It is easy to understand that this is the Bangladesh genocide given the scale and scope of the outright killings of that era. Where some non-humans have planned something good to achieve a specific purpose. The indiscriminate murder of ordinary citizens of East Pakistan in 1971 is a crime that cannot be debated. The indiscriminate killing of all small and big towns of East Pakistan or the repression of Bengali Liberation Forces by the Pakistan Army or Pakistan Army agents on the ground is unprecedented. All these events were clearly witnessed by the foreign nationals staying in East Pakistan at that time, especially the missionaries, and publicized by the international media from time to time which was evidently declare the Bangladesh genocide as one of the worst genocide in world history.
The New York Times published the news about the Bangladesh Genocide as Pakistani soldiers burned houses to prevent the resistance forces from hiding, resulting in circling vultures and scavengers feeding on the bodies of peasants.
The actual news about the Bangladesh Genocide was: The New York Times, April 14, 1971; “Pakistani soldiers are burning houses to deny the resistance forces or hiding places. As the smoke from the thatch and bamboo huts billowed upon the outskirts of the city of Comilla, circling vultures descended on the bodies of the peasant, already being picked by dogs and crows”
Globe of Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1971: “The order now prevails in East Pakistan is the order of death, the order of cemeteries. A city was burned, the fire lasted three days, and those who could flee from the town, only the dead remained.”
The Sun, April 26, 1971: “In one village 21 men were killed and in another 25. They were ordinary farmers, not a political agitator. Their crime was to vote for the Awami League.”
The Sunday Australian published the news about the Bangladesh Genocide as East Pakistan has experienced a violent army campaign, making it comparable to the unluckiest countries such as Poland or Vietnam.
The actual news about the Bangladesh Genocide was: The Sunday Australian, June 06, 1971; “East Pakistan has had more than its share of disaster. It now ranks with Poland or Vietnam as the unluckiest country of modern times. It’s barely six months since the cyclone devasted vast traces of the countryside and left thousands of people dead or homeless It is two months since the vengeful army of West Pakistan moved in to crush the local secessionist forces and begin their ritual campaign of killing and destruction.”
Washington Daily News, June 30, 1971: “In its treacherous attack starting March 25, the Pakistan Army has so far slaughtered 20,000 Bengalis and sent six million refugees fleeing for their lives into India”.
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2025-06-24T20:28:58Z
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The thyroid gland may be small, but its impact on overall health is monumental. Balancing hormones, regulating metabolism, and maintaining energy levels are just a few of its crucial roles. Unfortunately, thyroid issues often remain hidden, as their symptoms can mirror other health conditions. This makes the thyroid test an essential tool for uncovering hidden imbalances. By opting for a Thyroid Test at home, individuals take a vital step towards identifying potential issues early, setting the stage for better health management and improved quality of life.
Let us delve into the key health benefits of thyroid testing.
Early detection of disorders
Identifying thyroid issues early can prevent the progression of conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Early detection through a thyroid test allows for prompt treatment, reducing the risk of complications such as heart disease, infertility, and more severe metabolic problems.
Improved metabolic function
The thyroid gland plays a significant role in your metabolism. A thyroid test can help determine if a sluggish or overactive thyroid is affecting your metabolism, leading to weight problems or energy imbalances. With proper diagnosis and treatment, individuals can achieve a more balanced metabolic rate, improving overall health and well-being.
Enhanced mental well-being
Thyroid imbalances often manifest as mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, and a pervasive sense of mental fog, affecting one’s daily life profoundly. By opting for a thyroid test, individuals can uncover whether their psychological symptoms stem from thyroid dysfunction. This critical insight enables healthcare providers to tailor treatments specifically to address and potentially alleviate these distressing symptoms.
Better management of reproductive health
Thyroid disorders can impact menstrual cycles and fertility. Women experiencing irregular periods, difficulty conceiving, or other reproductive issues may find a thyroid test revealing. Correcting thyroid imbalances can improve reproductive health, offering hope to those facing fertility challenges.
Comprehensive health insights
Beyond diagnosing thyroid-specific issues, a thyroid test can provide a broader insight into an individual’s overall health. It can signal nutritional deficiencies, autoimmune disorders, or the need for lifestyle changes. This comprehensive view enables a more targeted approach to health and wellness.
A thyroid test is more than just a diagnostic tool; it is a gateway to better health and vitality. By understanding and managing thyroid health, individuals can improve their metabolic function, mental well-being, reproductive health, and gain valuable insights into their general health status. In a world where health is paramount, taking control with a simple thyroid test can make all the difference.
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2025-06-24T20:50:29Z
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Answer these questions based on the following Information:
ABC Ltd. produces widgets for which the demand is unlimited and they can sell all of their production. The graph below describes the monthly variable costs incurred by the company as a function of the quantity produced. In addition, operating the plant for one shift results in a fixed monthly cost of Rs. 800. Fixed monthly costs for second shift operation are estimated at Rs. 1200. Each shift operation provides capacity for producing 30 widgets per month.
Note: Average unit cost, AC = Total monthly costs/monthly production, and Marginal cost MC is the rate of change in total cost for unit change in quantity produced.
Suppose that each widget sells for Rs. 150. What is the profit earned by ABC Ltd. in July, if it is know that 40 widgets were produced in this month? (Profit is defined as the excess of sales revenue over total cost).
Create a FREE account and get:
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2025-06-24T19:54:05Z
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❇︎Affiliate Statement: The services and products that I may link in this article are ones that I use myself and am proud to recommend. If you follow one of my links please be aware that I will receive a small commission from Amazon or other vendors. I’d also like to say a big Thank You for your trust if you do.
The Art of Redirecting Your Cat’s Scratching Behavior
As any cat owner knows, scratching is a natural behavior for felines. It serves various purposes, such as communication, marking territory, exercise, and maintaining healthy claws. However, it can be frustrating when your indoor cat decides to claw at your furniture instead of appropriate surfaces. In this article, we will explore the reasons behind this behavior and provide practical tips on how to redirect your cat’s scratching habits.
Why Do Cats Scratch?
Cats scratch for several reasons:
- Communication: Scratching allows cats to mark their territory, sending a clear message of “This is where I live.”
- Marking Territory: Cats have sweat glands in their foot pads that leave scents behind when they scratch. These scents serve as reminders to other cats that this is a cat’s domain.
- Exercise: Scratching is a form of exercise for cats. It helps them stretch their muscles and keep them toned.
- Claw Maintenance: Scratching removes the outer layer of a cat’s front claws, enabling new nails to grow healthily.
How To Use Scratching Posts To Redirect Behavior
Redirecting your cat’s scratching behavior can be achieved by providing appropriate alternatives such as scratching posts or cat trees. When selecting a scratching post, make sure it is at least three feet tall with a sturdy base. This allows your cat to stretch their spine and muscles properly and exercise their claws.
A cat tree can provide your cat with multiple opportunities to scratch, climb, and exercise. Look for one that is stable and well-balanced to prevent accidents and ensure your cat feels secure while using it.
Consider the material of the scratching post. Cats often prefer sisal, a rope-like material. If your cat has been scratching on carpet or fabric, avoid choosing a post covered in similar material. This helps to avoid confusion and encourages your cat to use the designated scratching area.
If your cat prefers scratching horizontally, you can invest in inexpensive scratchers made of corrugated cardboard. These provide a satisfying surface for your cat to scratch on.
To encourage your cat to use the scratching post, you can rub some catnip on it. Catnip is irresistible to most cats and can help attract them to the appropriate scratching surface. Additionally, reward your cat with treats when they use the scratching post initially. Positive reinforcement will reinforce this desired behavior.
Remember, it may take some time and patience for your cat to transition to the new scratching area. Be consistent and reward your cat each time they use the designated surface. With practice, your cat will learn to enjoy their scratching post, and your furniture will be spared from their sharp claws.
Scratching is an innate behavior for cats, and it serves various purposes. Instead of discouraging your cat from scratching, redirecting their behavior to appropriate surfaces is the key. By providing suitable scratching posts or cat trees, using enticing materials, and rewarding your cat’s positive behavior, you can effectively train them to use the designated areas. Remember, patience and consistency are essential for success.
Q: Why do cats scratch furniture?
A: Cats may scratch furniture when they don’t have appropriate alternatives for scratching, or they simply prefer the texture of your furniture. By providing scratching posts and proper training, you can redirect their behavior.
Q: How can I prevent my cat from scratching my carpet?
A: To prevent your cat from scratching the carpet, make sure to provide suitable scratching posts or horizontal scratchers. Place them near the areas your cat tends to scratch and encourage the use of these alternatives.
Tips and Advice
Here are a few extra tips and advice to help you redirect your cat’s scratching behavior:
- Observe your cat’s scratching habits and identify their preferred surfaces. Provide scratching posts or scratchers that match their preferences.
- Place scratching posts strategically near areas your cat frequently scratches, such as doorways or favorite furniture.
- Keep the scratching posts and cat trees stable and well-balanced to prevent accidents and make your cat feel secure.
- Regularly trim your cat’s nails to minimize the damage they can cause when scratching.
- Consider using double-sided tape or aluminum foil on furniture to make it less appealing for scratching.
By implementing these tips and understanding your cat’s needs, you can enjoy a scratch-free home while allowing your cat to engage in their natural behavior.
Becca The Crazy Cats Lady is an experienced and knoweldgeable cat owner with years of experience caring for a multi-cat household. She curates, writes and shares cat content at https://CrazyCatsLady.com.
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Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) are indispensable tools in the realm of statistical analysis, particularly when delving into the internal reliability of a measurement instrument. While both methods share some commonalities, they differ significantly in their approach, assumptions, and applications. This primer aims to elucidate the distinctions and shed light on the primary functions of EFA.
Similarities between EFA and CFA:
- Examination of Theoretical Constructs:
- Both EFA and CFA are employed to scrutinize the theoretical constructs, or factors, that underlie a set of observed items or variables.
- Assumption of Uncorrelated Factors:
- Either method can assume that the factors are uncorrelated or orthogonal, simplifying the analysis by considering each factor in isolation.
- Quality Assessment of Items:
- Both analyses are geared towards evaluating the quality of individual items within a dataset.
- Applicability for Exploratory and Confirmatory Purposes:
- EFA and CFA can be utilized for both exploratory and confirmatory purposes, adapting to the researcher’s specific goals.
Differences between EFA and CFA:
- Number of Factors Determination:
- In EFA, the number of factors is usually determined by examining output from a principal components analysis, utilizing criteria such as eigenvalues. In contrast, CFA requires researchers to specify the number of factors a priori.
- Factor Structure Specification:
- CFA demands that researchers specify a particular factor structure, indicating which items load on which factor. EFA allows all items to load on all factors without predefining the structure.
- Model Fit Assessment:
- CFA provides a fit of the hypothesized factor structure to the observed data, enabling a more rigid evaluation of model fit.
- Estimation Methods:
- While both methods use maximum likelihood to estimate factor loadings, it is crucial to note that maximum likelihood is just one of several estimators used in EFA.
- Flexibility and Advanced Analyses:
- CFA allows researchers to specify correlated measurement errors, constrain loadings or factor correlations, compare alternative models, test second-order factor models, and statistically compare factor structures across different groups.
Purpose of Exploratory Factor Analysis:
EFA primarily serves the purpose of unraveling the factor structure of a measure and assessing its internal reliability. It becomes particularly valuable when researchers lack hypotheses about the underlying structure of the measure, allowing for an unbiased exploration of the data.
Deciding the Number of Factors in EFA:
The determination of the number of factors in EFA involves crucial decision points. Researchers often generate a scree plot, a graphical representation of eigenvalues against factors, to identify the point where the eigenvalues plateau, indicating the optimal number of factors. Alternatively, the Kaiser-Guttman rule suggests selecting factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0.
Factor Extraction and Rotation:
Once the number of factors is decided, researchers proceed with factor extraction, utilizing methods such as Principal Axis Factoring. This step yields factor loadings for each item on every extracted factor. Subsequently, researchers may opt for rotation, which aims to simplify the structure by maximizing high loadings and minimizing low ones. Orthogonal and oblique rotations offer different perspectives, with the latter recognizing and incorporating potential correlations between factors.
In summary, Exploratory Factor Analysis serves as a fundamental tool for researchers seeking to uncover latent structures within their data. While sharing common ground with Confirmatory Factor Analysis, EFA distinguishes itself through its flexibility, lack of a priori factor structure specification, and emphasis on exploration. Understanding the nuances between EFA and CFA is essential for researchers to choose the most suitable approach based on their objectives and the nature of their data.
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In their January 2016 meeting at the Health Resources and Services Administration
(HRSA), the National Advisory Council on Nurse Education and Practice (NACNEP) stated that nurses must play an increasing role in all three domains of population health: public health, clinical care, and community/social services. It was further stated that nursing education needs to augment its role in care coordination and data analysis, ?with an eye towards decreasing disparities in health and taking on social injustice? (2016, p. 3). Three other national health organizations, The Institute of Medicine (IOM), The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) and the American Nurses Association (ANA) all support the need for nursing to be more engaged in population health and build a focus on social justice.
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As the granddaughter of prominent Japanese American painter Hisako Hibi, Amy Lee-Tai was exposed to art at an early age—and it was through her grandmother’s paintings that Amy first learned of the Japanese American incarceration during World War II. Amy’s first book, A Place Where Sunflowers Grow, was inspired by her family’s internment experiences and the art schools that gave internees moments of solace and expression.
Like the character Mari in the book, Amy’s mother’s family had an artist mother and father, an older son, and a younger daughter who were sent to the Tanforan assembly center and then to the camp at Topaz. Like Mari and her mother, Amy’s grandmother and mother planted sunflowers seeds outside their barrack, and her grandfather and mother walked to and from the Topaz art school together just as Mari and her father do in the story. While growing up, Amy’s mother, Ibuki Hibi Lee, and uncle, Satoshi Hibi, were exposed to art and were encouraged to draw and paint. Like Mari in the story, they took art classes at Topaz.
A Place Where Sunflowers Grow, illustrated by Felicia Hoshino, is a beautiful tribute to the life, legacy and artwork of Amy’s grandmother, artist Hisako Hibi. “My grandmother was a pioneering Issei woman,” says Amy.
Hisako came to America with her family when she was 13 years old, but when she was 18, her parents decided to take the family back to Japan. Hisako, the oldest of six children, refused to return with them. She had decided to remain in America and become an artist. She made America her home, attending high school and then the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco, where she met Amy’s grandfather, Matsusaburo Hibi in the 1920s. As professional artists, Hisako and Matsusaburo painted before, during, and after the Japanese American incarceration. Amy says, “While they took on other jobs to support their family, painting was their calling and passion. Their creative process was their life.”
Less than two years after the internment, Amy’s grandfather died, leaving Hisako alone and poor to raise two children in New York City. As Hisako wrote in her memoirs, “Only my work in art gave me consolation and comforted my spirit.” Grieving, struggling, and working as a dressmaker, she continued her calling to be an artist, a career that spanned six decades.
“Her earlier paintings tended to be of concrete forms in dark colors, while her later paintings tended to be of abstract forms in light colors,” says Amy. “This outward transformation represented not only her personal development as an artist, but also her inner transformation as a human being. She was truly at peace when she died at the age of 84 in 1991. My grandmother was a strong, compassionate person who believed in world peace, and a passionate artist who persevered and prevailed.”
Amy’s mother, Ibuki Hibi Lee, edited Hisako’s memoir, Peaceful Painter Hisako Hibi: Memoirs of an Issei Woman Artist, which was published by Heyday Press in 2004. The book contains memoirs as well as Hisako’s artwork. Hisako Hibi’s art is part of the permanent collection of the Japanese American National Museum, and can be viewed online on the Museum Collections Online.
Amy says her experience as an educator helped her to create the characters and their emotions in A Place Where Sunflowers Grow. “As a reading specialist, I worked with struggling readers and writers. I was tapped into them, not only academically, but also emotionally,” she says. “Everything in children’s lives is interconnected: their school work, home lives, friendships, and so on. They bring home to school, and school to home. The internment affects Mari’s performance in art class, and her art class affects her camp life.” Mari’s frustration and her triumphant accomplishment in art school, Amy says, mirror the experiences of many students in the realm of reading and writing.
Amy was born in Queens, New York and raised in New York City and San Francisco. She holds a Master’s degree in Education, and taught as a reading specialist for eight years. Amy lives in Charlottesville, Virginia with her husband, Robert Tai, and two daughters.
A Place Where Sunflowers Grow is the first Japanese/English bilingual children’s picture book about the Japanese American incarceration. The book has been well-received by children, parents, librarians, teachers, reviewers, Japanese Americans and the general public for making the history of the World War II incarceration accessible for children via the character of Mari and Felicia Hoshino’s sweetly emotive illustrations. A Place Where Sunflowers Grow was recently awarded the Jane Addams Children’s Book Award for 2007 as an exemplary children’s book promoting peace and social justice.
* This article was originally published in the Japanese American National Museum Store Online.
© 2007 Japanese American National Museum
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How long should a child sleep?
Almost the entire time that the baby was in his mother’s belly, he slept. With birth, the child’s sleep structure begins to gradually change, but this does not happen immediately.
- In the first 2 months, the newborn does not distinguish between day and night, waking up from hunger at approximately equal intervals during the day. After eating, the baby stays awake for only a short time and then falls asleep again. In total, at this age the baby sleeps from 16 to 18 hours a day.
- The daily routine “grows up” starting at 3 months. The duration of uninterrupted sleep at night gradually increases, and during the day the child does not close his eyes longer after waking up. By six months, total sleep time decreases to 15–16 hours a day.
- The process of normalizing the sleep schedule continues and by the time the baby is one year old, he sleeps 9–11 hours at night, without causing any trouble to his parents. During the day he falls asleep only a couple of times, and the rest of the time he stays awake and explores the world. At the age of one year, the total duration of daytime and night sleep is approximately 13–14 hours.
It is important to understand: the figures we have given are averages. Don't assume your baby is sleeping poorly if their sleep schedule is different. Each child has its own individual characteristics, and the key criterion for good sleep is the baby’s well-being. If the newborn is healthy and alert, everything is fine. If your baby often wakes up, groans and tosses and turns in the crib, is capricious and cries, this is a reason to talk to a specialist and discuss the problem.
Baby's nap time
Pediatricians note that in the first month after birth, babies sleep a lot, but poorly - they often wake up, worry, and cry. On average, sleep takes 15-20 hours a day. Half of this time occurs at night.
A newborn does not sleep well because he does not have a routine - he lives “at his own rhythm” for the first months. It’s okay if a child wakes up to 3 times a day from hunger. He still has a small stomach - it’s impossible to eat so much at once that you don’t want to eat for more than 3-5 hours.
Such restless “chaotic” sleep is a biological feature of babies under 3 months. Parents should not be scared by the fact that a child sleeps completely differently than an adult. Babies rest in light sleep. They can wake up every 15 minutes and sleep for 1 hour. “Active” naps make up up to 50% of the total rest time - this is completely normal for a newborn.
How to put your baby to sleep correctly?
Teach your baby to a certain daily routine. Each child’s evening should end the same way, according to a clear ritual. For example, if the baby gets used to being bathed at the same time, then given a massage, then read a fairy tale and immediately put to bed, this sequence of actions in itself will set him up for a sound sleep.
If a newborn does not sleep well, mothers often resort to rocking. Rhythmic movements and the quiet voice of the person closest to you in the world are great for falling asleep, but in the future this can become a problem. The day is not far off when you will have to stay late at work, go on a business trip, or go to visit relatives in another city. Even if you are one hundred percent sure that nothing like this will happen, in just a few months it will become physically difficult for you to carry a grown child in your arms for a long time.
Try not to form habits in your baby that will affect the quality of his sleep. If a child, falling asleep, sucks on his mother's breast or pacifier, then waking up for a moment during the REM sleep phase, he will not be able to fall asleep without it.
What should you do to wean your baby from this habit - just put him in bed without nightly rocking? Not an option: a baby, deprived of an important part of the bedtime ritual, will be capricious and refuse to close his eyes. Usually in such a situation the baby cries for a long time and then sleeps poorly, tosses and turns in his sleep, and often wakes up.
There is only one way out - the ritual of motion sickness must be replaced by another, and a special soft toy can best cope with this. Buy your baby a bunny, bear or other soft friend and do not use it for play during the day. The child must understand that this talisman always comes only at night, and gradually learns to quickly fall asleep by placing a hand on his fluffy side.
Most likely, on the first day of falling asleep according to the new rules, everything will not go as smoothly as we would like. You put a sleep toy in the crib, talk to the baby, pat him on the head, leave the room - and almost instantly hear the baby crying. Don't come back right away, wait one minute and only then come back. When the baby calms down, leave the room again. If the crying repeats a second and third time, wait longer - three minutes; for the fourth and subsequent returns, increase the wait to five minutes.
On the second day, instead of 1, 3 and 5 minutes, the return intervals should be increased to 3, 5 and 7 minutes, on the third and further - to 5, 7 and 9 minutes. In a few days, the child will forget about motion sickness and learn to fall asleep with his new night friend. By the way, don’t forget to come up with a nice name for him.
If the reason for crying is hunger
In the case when a newborn constantly cries, sleeps little and poorly, then one of the most likely reasons for this behavior is hunger. The baby begins to look for the breast and smack his mouth when his mother takes him in her arms.
If a child has eaten less than usual and slept no more than two hours, he may cry as a result of hunger. When your baby cries a lot, the first thing you should do is try to feed him, and only then make other attempts to calm him down.
When the baby cries often, sleeps little, and parents assume that the reason for this is hunger, then the mother believes that breast milk is not enough for the child. And in the event that the child is bottle-fed, he does not get enough of a portion of the formula. However, this is not always the case.
If your baby doesn't sleep well and cries constantly, is it colic?
Quite possibly. Colic is one of the common reasons why a newborn does not sleep well - up to 40% of babies worldwide suffer from it. Infant colic begins at a very early age - at 2-3 weeks of a baby’s life. At about 6 weeks they reach a maximum level, then begin to slowly decline and usually stop completely at 4-5 months.
It is almost impossible to miss or not understand that a child has colic. Symptoms of this condition in a healthy baby include bouts of crying lasting more than three hours, repeated more than three days a week. At the same time, the baby’s tummy becomes tense, he draws in his legs and starts screaming, from which his heart bleeds. Colic usually begins in the evening and, of course, you can’t count on a newborn’s quiet sleep on such evenings.
What should parents do in such a situation? There is no clear answer to this question. The fact is that medicine does not yet fully understand why colic occurs, and therefore cannot offer one hundred percent working methods to combat it. If your baby is constantly crying, pediatricians recommend trying to calm him down in the following ways:
Take the baby in your arms, walk and rock him. This helps some babies - after a while they relax and fall asleep.
If your baby has a colic attack and is crying, gently massage his tummy and back.
Quiet, rhythmic sounds
Relaxing music, the gentle sound of the surf, the calm beating of a mother’s heart - in some cases, sound therapy can be the answer to the question of how to put your baby to sleep.
Mom's warmth and care
The following exercise can help calm your child. Dim the lights in the room, then lie on your back, hold your baby to your chest and talk quietly to him, rocking slightly from side to side.
You may have come across cradles, chaise lounges and swings with a vibration mode on sale. If your baby is having trouble sleeping, these devices can help. Also, some parents note that the child quickly falls asleep in the car - all because of the same vibration.
With mother's milk, some undesirable substances can enter the baby's body, aggravating the course of colic. It is advisable for a nursing woman to avoid coffee, chocolate, onions, garlic and other spicy foods.
Which of these methods will help in your case? It is unknown, so doctors recommend trying them all one by one and choosing the one that suits your baby.
Having learned that your child is crying due to colic, some friends may recommend folk remedies - various herbal teas and dill water. The effectiveness of these methods has not been proven, and before using them you should definitely consult a specialist.
Factors influencing lack of sleep
The main factor in a baby's poor daytime sleep is overstimulation. It can be caused by being in a noisy, bright, crowded place for a long time, or by sleeping too long at night.
From fatigue, the child seems to “switch off” and suddenly falls asleep. This is a protective reaction of the nervous system, a way to distance yourself as much as possible from the restless outside world. The condition is not similar in structure to sleep, which is why the baby wakes up not at all rested. Cries from incomprehensible fatigue, is capricious, cannot sleep at night.
Therefore, it is important for parents to provide their child with hours of complete rest during the day, so that the baby can sleep in a quiet environment and wake up rested. Such “outages” will stop by 6-8 weeks. You can tell how tired your baby is by his behavior:
- Rubs eyes and ears.
- Stops being active, bends his legs, slows down in his movements.
- Not interested in others, looks at one point or “nowhere.”
- He suddenly becomes restless and whines a lot.
With such signs, you need to put your baby to bed as soon as possible. Otherwise, the child starts screaming and crying - it is already difficult to calm him down.
The second important factor is external discomfort. Parents need to check:
- the condition of the child’s diapers, crib, and clothes;
- temperature, lighting, noise level in the room.
Other factors are hunger and internal discomfort. The child is offered food and his condition is monitored. He may have difficulty sleeping due to colic and severe pain.
What should you do if your newborn sleeps poorly at night but does well during the day?
For some mothers, the child continues to seem small, even after he has already had his own children and built a successful career. For the same reason, they consider the baby to be a newborn up to a year or more. If you are now talking about a toddler who is crawling or even starting to walk and who has confused day with night, most likely the problem is related to insufficient physical activity or overstimulation.
Officially, a child is considered a newborn only 1 month of life, more precisely - 28 days from birth.
If your older baby is having trouble sleeping, try these methods. They can usually correct your sleep-wake schedule in just a few days.
Help your baby get tired
Play, walk, motivate your child to constantly move. Before you feed and quickly put your baby to bed, take him for a walk in the fresh air for half an hour.
Adjust your diet
Do not feed your baby rich food during the day, which makes him sleepy.
Limit your nap time
If your baby falls asleep during the day, let him take a nap for half an hour, and then wake him up. There is no need to experience mental suffering - now this is only for the benefit of the baby.
Eliminate causes of overexcitement
If the baby is not sleeping, perhaps something at home is helping to increase his tone. This could be a TV that is constantly on, adults communicating in a raised voice, long emotional conversations on the phone, loud music, etc. Because of these irritants, the child becomes too excited and then cannot fall asleep, tosses and turns in the crib and often wakes up.
In a truly newborn child, i.e. baby in the first month of life, there should be no differences in the structure of sleep during the day and night. If a newborn only sleeps poorly at night, the cause may be colic, which usually begins in the evening and prevents the baby from falling asleep. No colic? Then try to understand what goes differently at night than during the day. Maybe you turn on the heater and your baby gets hot? Maybe you're swaddling too tightly? Maybe the baby is afraid of the dark and needs to turn on the night light? Find out what's wrong and you can restore your baby's restful sleep by eliminating the causes of the problem.
If your newborn has trouble sleeping for several days and you cannot figure out why this is happening, contact a specialist.
To keep your baby sleeping soundly: advice for dads and moms
Pediatricians share universal methods for new parents:
- Provide your child with a quality night's sleep. Half an hour before lights out, start hanging the curtains, turn off the music and TV.
- Take care of your vacation. The baby will react to the condition of the mother suffering from lack of sleep. The best advice is to live in your child’s schedule, sleep and stay awake with him.
- Don’t forget to not only feed, but also change diapers on time. A common cause of restless sleep is irritation of delicate skin with the contents of the diaper. The baby will twitch, twist, strain, arch, trying to get rid of the discomfort.
- Do not place your baby on a pillow. Until the age of 1 year, the baby can do without it.
- Use only breathable bedding to prevent your baby from sweating or getting his feet entangled.
- Avoid overheating your baby. Make sure the temperature in the nursery is comfortable.
- Make sure your baby sleeps either on his back or on his side. Tummy naps are dangerous. The baby may begin to groan and suffocate, burying his nose in the blanket.
- Install a humidifier in the nursery, be sure to turn it on during the heating season.
The cause of poor daytime and night sleep in children is not always harmless. It can be allergies, rickets, iron deficiency anemia, problems with the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system and more. Therefore, if the baby has persistent sleep disturbances, you will need to contact a pediatrician.
Are there other reasons for poor sleep?
Most of the reasons why a baby has difficulty falling asleep and often wakes up are associated with physical or psychological discomfort:
In addition to colic, a child may also experience other unpleasant sensations, such as ear pain, skin irritation from diaper rash, or allergic itching. Usually it is not difficult to localize such problems: if the baby’s hands are free, he pulls them towards the sore spot.
- Reflexive shaking of the hands
The baby does not yet have full control of his body. Sometimes at night his arms begin to move reflexively, and he wakes up. Loose swaddling (in no case tight) will help to slightly limit movements during sleep. In general, this is a temporary phenomenon - it will disappear on its own by 6-8 months.
- Overfilled diaper or wet diaper
The child must be changed in a timely manner, otherwise he will be rightly indignant. Huggies Elite Soft diapers have a special moisture indicator, with which you will immediately understand whether it is time to change clothes or the problem is something else. In any case, change diapers at least every 3-4 hours.
- Is your baby hot or cold?
Many mothers are always afraid that their baby will freeze, and they wrap him up very tightly. However, overheating causes even more discomfort for the child. If the baby's face turns red and sweat appears under her clothes, it means that you have overdone the insulation.
Did guests come to you, and everyone took the baby in their arms? Have you traveled somewhere with your baby? Are your neighbors doing renovations and making a lot of noise? It is not surprising that the baby tosses and turns and often wakes up. This will pass, but you may need to get up and comfort your baby more often tonight.
If your newborn begins to sleep poorly, look for the cause and eliminate it. If this does not work, consult your pediatrician. In the vast majority of cases, sleep problems are easily resolved or disappear as you grow older, and you will soon forget about them forever. In the meantime, we wish good night and sweet dreams to you and your child!
Why does a one-month-old baby sleep poorly during the day?
Let's consider the main reasons, which are divided into two large groups: external, that is, not related to diseases, and internal.
- discomfort. It is most often caused by hunger or a wet diaper;
- noise. Although it is believed that it should not disturb children, if neighbors are doing repairs or someone is screaming under the window, this can hardly accompany normal falling asleep;
- physical and emotional overstimulation. He can be suspected by his overly active behavior, crying and persistent reluctance to sleep;
- bad microclimate. Optimal temperature and humidity conditions: 19-21 degrees, 50-70%. It is extremely important to ventilate more often so that the room where the baby rests is filled with fresh air. ;
- too light in the room;
- lack of daily routine.
- imperfection of the nervous system. This phenomenon is temporary, due to the fact that the baby, who has survived childbirth, which is a huge stress, simply wants to feel safe all the time, that is, to be in his mother’s arms. But since she cannot hold the baby all the time, he wakes up at the slightest attempt to put him to sleep;
- consequences of difficult childbirth or trauma received during birth;
- neurological diseases;
- imperfection of the digestive system. A mother who is breastfeeding may not eat properly, sometimes the child is simply overfed or the pediatrician’s recommendation to supplement the baby with water is ignored, and constant pain in the tummy and accumulated gases are unlikely to contribute to normal sleep.
Symptoms for which you should visit a specialist (pediatrician, neurologist):
- the total number of hours of sleep per day is less than 15;
- every 5-10 minutes the baby wakes up, even if he had been awake for a long time;
- there are constant signs of anxiety for no reason;
- up to 4-5 hours the baby is active without sleep breaks;
- the process of going to bed is accompanied by whims - getting the baby to sleep is extremely difficult.
What to do if your baby has confused day with night
One month old baby doesn't sleep all day
If an infant begins to stay awake at night and sleep during the day, it is necessary, first of all, to determine the cause of such a failure in the regime.
The baby mixed up day and night
If these are symptoms of painful conditions (colic, pain, runny nose), consultation with a pediatrician and prescribed adequate treatment will help.
When health problems are excluded, the most effective, but time-consuming advice is to not let the child fall asleep during the day. If the problem concerns children of the first year of life, it is enough to temporarily remove one of the daytime naps so that he does not sleep for at least 4 hours before the start of night sleep.
In general, from birth it is recommended to teach the baby to distinguish between day and night, developing in him the concept that day is when it is light and noisy, and night is dark and quiet.
At 1 month
Newborn babies benefit greatly from “white noise” (similar to intrauterine sounds, which the baby still associates with peace and pleasure), on its own or superimposed on quiet, calm classical music.
Complete darkness is necessary for proper sleep, so it is undesirable to use even the dimmest nightlights. They can be turned on when the mother gets up to feed the baby. It is also advisable to have thick curtains or blinds on the windows so that the child is not disturbed by bright street light.
At 3 months
Often a 3-month-old baby begins to suffer from colic, so at this age, for a comfortable night's sleep, it is very important to follow the diet: do not overfeed at night and provide enough moisture.
Overheating is also unacceptable, so the air in the room where the baby sleeps must be cooled. Walking in a stroller is very good for falling asleep at night - many babies rock well.
Kids fall asleep well after an evening walk in the fresh air.
If a 3-month-old baby sleeps all day, it is necessary to organize comfortable conditions for him to have a good night's sleep and fall asleep easily: the baby should not be overfed, not wrapped up, the bed and pajamas should be very soft and not restrict his body.
You can use aromatherapy (in the form of a few drops of mint oil in an aroma lamp or when bathing a child), and also place a sachet pillow with “sleepy” herbs near the crib.
At 4 months
At this age, a small child is more and more awake during the daytime, therefore, when confusion between day and night occurs, he should be loaded as much as possible during daylight hours, while it is advisable to minimize daytime sleep (only in case of visible severe fatigue). To keep your toddler active, you can use:
- funny and playful children's songs;
- do a light massage and turn over on your tummy;
- new toys;
- constant conversations, nursery rhymes, jokes.
For older children, you can increase physical activity: this includes gymnastics (according to age), outdoor games, swimming and walks.
Note! After consultation with a pediatrician, it is possible to use soothing teas and decoctions for better sleep in the evenings.
Table of sleep norms for children under one year old
2 month old baby does not sleep day or night
American scientists, having brought together the opinions of neurologists, pediatricians and psychologists, have compiled approximate recommendations for the duration of sleep and wakefulness for young children.
Sleep standards for babies up to one year old
Age, months Duration of sleep per day, hours.NightDayNumber of daytime dreams
1 | 15-18 | 8-10 | 6-9 | 3-4 |
2 | 15-17 | 8-10 | 6-7 | 3-4 |
3 | 14-16 | 9-11 | 5 | 3 |
From 4 to 5 | 15 | 10 | 4-5 | 3 |
From 6 to 8 | 14,5 | 11 | 3,5 | 2-3 |
From 9 to 12 | 13,5-14 | 11 | 2-3,5 | 2 |
We recommend reading: Sleep and teething - what to do?
These figures are averages – each child is different.
What are the dangers of frequent crying and sleep disorders?
Many parents and the older generation do not see anything wrong with their children’s crying, letting them “scream it out” and making no attempt to calm them down. This is not a physiological method of dealing with crying, whatever the reason, especially if the child also sleeps poorly.
Crying loads and overstimulates the nervous system, threatening the development of “rolling” with periods of respiratory arrest and acute brain hypoxia. This will have an extremely negative impact on the development of the child, leading to nervousness and anxiety, difficulties in learning and disinhibition of arousal processes.
When screaming, the lungs are ventilated worse, not better, as many people think, and this leads to tissue hypoxia and preconditions for pneumonia, bronchitis with obstruction, as well as various anomalies in the structure of the lungs (atelectasis, bronchiectasis).
Alena Paretskaya, pediatrician, medical columnist
15, total, today
( 172 votes, average: 4.62 out of 5)
Birth trauma of a child: symptoms, consequences, treatment
Porridge for baby's first feeding: types, recommendations
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In the 1800s most women couldn’t ride a bicycle. In fact, most of them wouldn’t. It was an age of long billowing skirts, where woman’s suffrage was a growing movement and wearing trousers was downright scandalous.
Annie Londonderry first pushed down on her pedals out of Massachusetts State House on June 27, 1894. She was headed all the way around the world, but she barely knew how to ride a bicycle. A couple of quick lessons in the days before she left was all that separated her from never riding in her life. But she wouldn’t let that stop her.
Earlier in 1894, two rich men from Boston had set a wager. They bet that no woman could cycle unaided around the world and they were pretty certain of their success. The odds were placed at $20,000 against $10,000. That’s still big money today, but when the average wage at the time was $1,000 it was enough to make your eyes water.
But this incredible lady, whoever she was, couldn’t just cycle around the world. The terms of the wager stated that she must also raise $5,000 more than her expenses, to prove her self-sufficiency… Oh, and do the whole trip in under 15 months. No small order then.
Annie Kopchovsky would not have been your first choice of woman to pitch against the wager. She was 24 years old, a mother of three young children (all under 6) and a Jewish immigrant to America, in a time when anti-Semitism was high. Never mind that she had barely ridden a bicycle. But Annie didn’t need anyone to pick her – she chose herself, and rode out of Boston on June 27 to a crowd of spectators.
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– The fashion industry is the second largest user of water in the world. Pretty scary when there are almost 1 billion people in the world with no safe drinking water source.
– Over 90 million items (or 2 million tonnes) of clothing end up in land fill sites globally each year. (BBC – 2009)
– 150 grams of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals are used to produce the cotton for just one t-shirt.
-Sheep, alpaca, llamas and other wool-bearing animals contribute to the production of methane gas, a major greenhouse gas.
-The growing and harvesting of natural fibers such as cotton and hemp generally use farm tractors and truckswhich run on non-renewable fossil fuels of diesel and gasoline that pour black smoke and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
-Petroleum-derived synthetic fibers like polyester and nylon and the “natural” man-made fibers such as lyocell and rayon generally require additional energy to cook and reduce wood pulp into the liquid solution that is forced through spinnerets to become a fiber for fabrics.
-The transportation of clothing from manufacturers to distributors to retail stores to customers depends upon a global fleet of trucks, planes and ships. Much of the cotton produced in the U.S. is shipped to garment factories in China where it is manufactured into clothing that is then shipped back to the U.S. Just think of all the carbon emissionscreated for that cheap tee shirt.
–60% of the greenhouse gases generated over the life of a simple tee shirt come from the typical 25 washings and machine dryings. The carbon emissions created to generate the electricity used to wash clothing in warm temperature water and warm temperature tumble dryers exceeds the carbon emissions created during the growing, manufacturing and shipping of clothing.
So are we doomed? NO! We love fashion as much as you do! That is why we have started this blog, to discuss ways we all can make more sustainable fashion choices …
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SMART TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR USAGE POSSIBILITIES IN LOGISTICS
logistics, smart technologies, industry 4.0, automationAbstract
The fourth industrial revolution has significantly influenced the activities of logistics companies and contributed to the development of the concept of Logistics 4.0, which aims to sustainably meet the individual needs of customers without increasing costs and using digital technologies (Strandhagen et al., 2017). The topic is relevant due to the rapidly changing business conditions and the goals set in the long-term strategies of companies to pursue sustainable, efficient activities based on innovative work methods and smart technologies. The purpose of the study is to review the main smart technologies in logistics and describe their advantages and disadvantages. Applied methods: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature The obtained results showed that the use of smart technologies in the practice of companies reduces the amount of unnecessary operations, processes become smarter and clearer, the need for manpower is reduced, "paperwork" is minimized, improves work productivity, changes information access and processing methods, improves analysis and control mechanisms, increases profits, and is one of the main guarantors of rapid growth and development. Implementing smart technologies is a continuous logistical process. It is not only an increase in operational efficiency, but also a contribution to ecology and sustainability.
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The term quantifier variance refers to claims that there is no uniquely best ontological language with which to describe the world. According to Hirsch, it is an outgrowth of Urmson's dictum:
“If two sentences are equivalent to each other, then while the use of one rather than the other may be useful for some philosophical purposes, it is not the case that one will be nearer to reality than the other...We can say a thing this way, and we can say it that way, sometimes...But it is no use asking which is the logically or metaphysically right way to say it.”—James Opie Urmson, Philosophical Analysis, p. 186
The term "quantifier variance" rests upon the philosophical term 'quantifier', more precisely existential quantifier. A 'quantifier' is an expression like "there exists at least one ‘such-and-such’".
The word quantifier in the introduction refers to a variable used in a domain of discourse, a collection of objects under discussion. In daily life, the domain of discourse could be 'apples', or 'persons', or even everything. In a more technical arena, the domain of discourse could be 'integers', say. The quantifier variable x, say, in the given domain of discourse can take on the 'value' or designate any object in the domain. The presence of a particular object, say a 'unicorn' is expressed in the manner of symbolic logic as:
Here the 'turned E ' or ∃ is read as "there exists..." and is called the symbol for existential quantification. Relations between objects also can be expressed using quantifiers. For example, in the domain of integers (denoting the quantifier by n, a customary choice for an integer) we can indirectly identify '5' by its relation with the number '25':
If we want to point out specifically that the domain of integers is meant, we could write:
Here, ∈ = is a member of... and ∈ is called the symbol for set membership; and ℤ denotes the set of integers.
There are a variety of expressions that serve the same purpose in various ontologies, and they are accordingly all quantifier expressions. Quantifier variance is then one argument concerning exactly what expressions can be construed as quantifiers, and just which arguments of a quantifier, that is, which substitutions for ‘such-and-such’, are permissible.
The thesis underlying quantifier variance was stated by Putnam:
The logical primitives themselves, and in particular the notions of object and existence, have a multitude of different uses rather than one absolute 'meaning'.—Hilary Putnam, Truth and Convention, p. 71
Citing this quotation from Putnam, Wasserman states: "This thesis – the thesis that there are many meanings for the existential quantifier that are equally neutral and equally adequate for describing all the facts – is often referred to as ‘the doctrine of quantifier variance’".
Hirsch's quantifier variance has been connected to Carnap's idea of a linguistic framework as a 'neo'-Carnapian view, namely, "the view that there are a number of equally good meanings of the logical quantifiers; choosing one of these frameworks is to be understood analogously to choosing a Carnapian framework." Of course, not all philosophers (notably Quine and the 'neo'-Quineans) subscribe to the notion of multiple linguistic frameworks. See meta-ontology.
Hirsch himself suggests some care in connecting his version of quantifier variance with Carnap: "Let's not call any philosophers quantifier variantists unless they are clearly committed to the idea that (most of) the things that exist are completely independent of language." In this connection Hirsch says "I have a problem, however, in calling Carnap a quantifier variantist, insofar as he is often viewed as a verificationist anti-realist." Although Thomasson does not think Carnap is properly considered to be an antirealist, she still disassociates Carnap from Hirsch's version of quantifier variance: "I’ll argue, however, that Carnap in fact is not committed to quantifier variance in anything like Hirsch’s sense, and that he [Carnap] does not rely on it in his ways of deflating metaphysical debates."
Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier variance.
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Service members have specific rights and protections because of their service in the armed forces, but it can sometimes be difficult to understand these rights and claim them when needed.
In this article, we will examine what concerns military rights and defenses , providing clear and concise information on military rights and defense procedures available to them.
If you are a military member or know someone who is currently in the armed forces, this article can help you better understand your rights and be prepared for any eventuality. For readers who wish to go further, we invite you to contact the MDMH Avocats firm specializing in military law .
The rights of the military
As a member of the armed forces, service members enjoy a set of specific rights and protections. These rights are often different from those granted to civilians due to the unique nature of military service. Here are some of the main rights granted to members of the military:
1.1 Right to fair remuneration:
Members of the military are entitled to fair compensation for their work, which is often different from that of civilian employees. Their remuneration may vary according to their rank, seniority and specialty.
1.2 Right to adequate training:
Members of the military are entitled to adequate training to perform their jobs safely and effectively. This may include training in weapons, military tactics, survival in hostile environments, etc.
1.3 Right to health care:
Members of the military are entitled to quality health care whether they are on active duty or retired. They can benefit from specific health programs, such as mental health care for veterans.
defense of the military
In addition to the rights accorded to military personnel, it is also important to consider their defense in the event of charges or disciplinary proceedings. Service members may face criminal or disciplinary charges as a result of their conduct or behavior while serving. Here are some of the key elements of military defense:
2.1 Legal representation:
Service members have the right to adequate legal representation during disciplinary or criminal proceedings. This may include a military or civilian lawyer.
2.2 The right to an impartial investigation:
Members of the military have the right to an impartial and objective investigation in the event of accusations. Investigations must be conducted in accordance with military rules and procedures.
2.3 The right to appeal:
Servicemen have the right to appeal their conviction or sentence if they disagree with the verdict. Appeal procedures may vary depending on the nature of the case and the branch of the armed forces involved.
In conclusion, servicemen have specific rights and are also protected by defense procedures in the event of accusations or disciplinary procedures. If you are a member of the military and you have questions about your rights or your defense, it is important to consult a lawyer who specializes in military law.
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What is community solar?
According to the U.S. Department of Energy, community solar is described as a solar initiative program within a specific geographical region. This setup ensures that the benefits of solar energy are distributed among various beneficiaries, including individuals, businesses, nonprofits, and other organizations. In most cases, customers benefit from energy generated by solar panels at an off-site array.
Customers of community solar projects usually sign up for, or in certain instances, have ownership in a section of the energy produced by the community solar array. They then get a credit on their electric bill for the electricity generated by their share of the community solar setup.
It offers an attractive option for individuals who cannot install solar panels on their own roofs, whether due to renting their property, financial constraints, or unsuitable roofing. Due to this community solar is growing rapidly all over the country.
How does community solar work?
Community solar projects generate electricity from sunlight, which is then sent to the utility grid through a meter. Subscribers, which can include households, businesses, or any electricity customer, pay for a portion of the electricity produced by the community solar project. This payment is usually made in the form of a monthly subscription fee.
The local utility compensates the community solar provider for the energy produced, and each subscriber receives a credit equivalent to their share of the dollar value generated by their community solar subscription. Normally, this credit is directly applied to the subscriber’s monthly electric bill, effectively lowering their overall electricity expenses.
Benefits of Community Solar
The benefits of community solar are very impactful, making it an attractive option for individuals, businesses, and communities.
Here are some key advantages of community solar:
Lower Electricity Costs
It allows participants to enjoy cost savings on their electricity bills. By subscribing to a shared solar project, they receive credits for the electricity generated, reducing their monthly expenses.
Community solar projects generate clean and renewable energy from the sun. This reduces the reliance on fossil fuels and helps combat climate change by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions.
It makes solar energy accessible to a broader range of people. It’s an ideal solution for those who cannot install solar panels on their own properties, such as renters or individuals with unsuitable roofs.
It promotes energy equity by ensuring that all members of a community, including low-income families, can access the benefits of clean energy.
By reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable energy practices, community solar contributes to a cleaner and healthier environment.
Local Job Creation
The solar projects create jobs in installation, maintenance, and operations, benefiting the local workforce and economy.
Businesses and community solar
With the installation of community solar systems, businesses are transforming into powerhouses of clean energy production, effectively becoming energy providers for their communities. This transformation isn’t limited to a single industry alone; it sets an inspiring precedent for businesses across various sectors.
By investing in renewable energy, a single business can act as a catalyst for a wider shift towards sustainability. It’s an innovative approach that fosters economic growth, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and promotes the responsible use of our planet’s resources.
This collaborative utilization of solar energy democratizes access to clean power. It means that not only businesses but also individuals can benefit from a local, reliable, and sustainable energy source, all while having their own stake in where and how they generate their own power.
Low-income families and community solar
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) initiated a $7 billion grant competition as part of President Biden’s “Investing in America” plan. The aim is to make affordable, dependable, and clean solar energy more accessible to millions of low-income households.
The upcoming grant competition aims to allocate funds for two key purposes: expanding existing low-income solar initiatives and launching new Solar for All programs nationwide.
These Solar for All programs are designed to ensure that low-income households have fair access to residential rooftops and community solar power. They achieve this by providing financial support and incentives to communities that were previously excluded from solar investments.
These programs guarantee that low-income households can enjoy the advantages of distributed solar energy, including savings on their energy bills, enhanced energy resilience, and other benefits. Residential solar power not only reduces home energy costs but also provides families with reliable and secure electricity.
Solar for All is committed to extending these meaningful benefits to low-income and disadvantaged communities. As part of the program, it aims to secure a minimum of 20% savings on the total electricity bills for participating households.
How does community solar help the environment?
Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Solar energy is a climate-friendly choice as it doesn’t produce harmful greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. Opting for a community solar project reduces your reliance on fossil fuels and supports the growth of clean renewable energy.
It’s a straightforward and effective way to cut your greenhouse gas emissions in half, helping mitigate the negative effects of climate change, while also giving independence back to the average American.
Preservation of Natural Resources
Community solar plays a role in conserving vital natural resources like land and water by reducing the need for fossil fuel power plants. The processes of extracting and transporting non-renewable resources like coal, oil, and gas can harm the environment, including disrupting wildlife habitats and polluting nearby water sources.
In simple terms, choosing community solar can prevent the burning of 8,415 pounds of coal.
Improved Air Quality
Traditional fossil fuel power plants release harmful pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which can degrade air quality and harm human health. Solar energy, in contrast, doesn’t emit any pollutants, contributing to better air quality.
In fact, by opting for community solar, you can help reduce emergency room visits for respiratory issues by 6%.a
Accessible Clean Energy
Community solar makes clean energy accessible and affordable for everyone, regardless of their housing situation or financial means. Homeowners who can’t install solar panels on their roofs, like apartment dwellers or those with shaded roofs, can still benefit from solar energy.
Even businesses that want to support renewable energy but lack the resources for a large-scale installation can participate in community solar.
By choosing community solar over traditional fossil fuels, anyone can contribute to a more sustainable future for all.
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In a Brexit Party rally in April 2019, Nigel Farage claimed according to the Daily Mail: “What we are now fighting for is much, much, bigger than Brexit […] what we are now fighting for is for the survival of the very principle of democracy in this country.” This statement refers to a conceived lack of fulfilment of the EU referendum in 2016 by the current Conservative government. However, political science can argue that the referendum is not a good basis for political decision making.
Nigel Farage, having originally formed the political party UKIP, which is attributed with having catalysed the EU referendum, has recently formed the ‘Brexit party’. This party is currently leading within the EU Parliamentary electoral polls in the UK and has vowed that it will assure Brexit passes into action. Within this context it is clear to see that this party and those who support it believe that without them “fighting”, Brexit will either not occur, or will occur in a form that does not fit their definition of what was voted for.
However, the statement also implies that without the ‘Brexiteers’ fighting their objective of properly implementing Brexit, the principle of democracy will not survive. This is a ridiculous, non-sensical implication, thus rather than analysing whether democracy will survive if Brexit were not to occur, this blog post will display and scrutinize the implication that anything short of Brexit occurring is undemocratic. It will show that not only is the democracy of the UK fully intact, but the EU referendum was itself highly undemocratic and thus Parliament heavily criticizing and scrutinizing it is necessary for Brexit to be democratic in the first place.
Theoretical argument of democracy
A big issue with Farage’s statement is theoretical, to quote Bernard Crick (1993): “democracy is perhaps the most promiscuous word in the world of public affairs.” To accuse Brexit not being implemented as being “undemocratic” is to presume there is a dogmatic definition of the word. When in actuality it is a surprisingly unagreed upon word, in Andrew Heywoods book ‘Politics’ he writes: “A term (in reference to Democracy) that means anything to anyone is in danger of meaning nothing at all.” (p. 89) With so many definitions and meanings, democracy is a tricky concept.
The UK being a representative democracy, means that the political power is entrusted in those who are voted for, with greater knowledge in the region of politics. This type of democracy is not as pure, but is a democracy, nonetheless.
Referendums are a tool sometimes used within UK politics mostly to gauge public opinion, and are never legally binding, as the government retains the right to make the final decision. With the European Union Referendum Act 2015 mentioning nothing of implementation once the referendum was complete, this was always to be an advisory result. Thus, the government is thoroughly within its democratic right to not pass Brexit into law if it so wished.
The argument Farage poses here is therefore demeaned down to simply that the Brexit referendum is a much purer form of democracy than representative democracy. That the electorate turning out to vote and choosing in favour of ‘Leave’ is more democratic than the muddied representative democratic process that Brexit is currently being decided by.
Was the EU referendum democratic at all?
This may have value to it as an argument had the EU referendum not been so muddied and undemocratically handled itself. Arguing that Brexit not occurring is undemocratic, when looking on the other side of the coin, is the same as arguing that Brexit is democratic. This is widely disputed, due to a number of factors:
The referendum is not representative: With a turnout of 72.2% at the referendum and 51.9% of the electorate that turned out voting ‘Leave’, there’s a total of 29,090,499 people who did not vote in favour of this. This means 11,679,757 more people were not in favour of Brexit than were in favour of it. Although it is clear that the Leave campaign won, statistically a lot more people are not being represented by Brexit than those that are. (All figures taken from BBC.)
This point on its own sums up to very little, as, by all democratic definitions, ‘Leave’ won a seemingly impressive victory. Furthermore, if you turn the statistics the other way around a much larger majority did not vote to remain. But, with the outcome of ‘Leave’ having such a large impact on every UK citizen, there is a clear argument here. Is it fair to impose such a hugely risky and historical decision upon an entire nation with such a large majority not voting in favour of it?
Misinformation during the campaigns: The success by Leave campaigns is not so impressive when looking at how they achieved this. Campaign groups and politicians were found to have spread multiple lies and biased statistics to mislead the electorate into voting in favour of their side. The official campaign group of the pro-Brexit side of the referendum “Vote Leave” shared the slogan “Let’s give our NHS the £350 million the EU takes every week”. This was found to be, as the Office for National Statistics stated, “a gross figure and did not take into account the rebate or other flows from the EU to the UK public sector (or flows to non-public sector bodies), alongside the suggestion that this could be spent elsewhere, without further explanation, was potentially misleading.” With the actual figures being at an average net contribution of £7.1 billion annually between 2010-2014 (European Commission Financial Report 2014). Furthermore, the allocation of the public purse is not a job that would be decided within this referendum whatsoever, and those that branded this slogan had absolutely no power in this political region. Thus, not only were the figures complete lies, but the slogan was heavily misleading to the public.
Law-breaking during the campaigns: Vote Leave, alongside other Leave campaigns had been found to have also broken the law in their Brexit campaigns. Vote Leave were found guilty of multiple offences, including exceeding their spend limit of £7 million. The Electoral Commission fined them £61,000, as the figures show on their website. This would have given the offending campaigns a large advantage in having more to spend upon marketing material, and reaching more potential votes, which is why the law exists.
Understanding the implications of the referendum: Finally, it has become relatively clear that those that were voting did not understand what they were voting upon. There were no options provided beyond leaving or remaining, no specifications on customs unions nor specific deal prototypes aka Norway’s deal. Since Brexit has been handed over to Westminster to come up with a plan and refined, it has become clear that there are different levels of leaving the EU, each with their own degree of economic integration, political ties, and impacts upon the UK. These options not only show that to simply vote ‘Leave’ or ‘Remain’ is a massive over-simplification, but also that the issue being so complicated and intricate means that this should have likely been an issue addressed by experts from the beginning. The fact that these options were not in the public discussion whatsoever shows that this was not an issue the general public was educated in. As Heywood wrote in his book 2013: “They (referendums) leave political decisions in the hands of those who have the least education and experience and are most susceptible to media and other influences.”
With most of the electorate not being represented by the result, the campaigns lying, misleading and law-breaking, and the public not being educated in this complicated issue, it becomes apparent that the EU referendum was very undemocratic. Part of the purpose of having a representative democracy is to avoid the many short-comings of direct-democracy and that is exactly what is happening. The statement that our democracy is under threat, due to intense scrutinization of Brexit by Parliament is therefore false. The representatives that have been democratically voted into their positions, that are criticizing, working upon, and discussing Brexit are following their democratic duties. The EU referendum is muddied in factors that push it towards being undemocratic that are now being compensated for within the UK system.
RESEARCH and COMMENTARY | ARTICLE © Daniel Henshaw, Hochschule der Medien Stuttgart, DE
Leave your comments, thoughts and suggestions in the box below. Take note: your response is moderated.
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- Safe spaces in academia foster empathy and understanding by providing environments where diverse perspectives can be shared without fear of discrimination.
- Effective strategies for creating safe spaces include setting ground rules for discussion and incorporating anonymous feedback mechanisms.
- Challenges in establishing safe spaces include emotional resilience, misinterpretations of safety, and power dynamics that can stifle participation.
- Diverse representation in leadership enhances inclusivity and fosters a greater sense of safety within academic settings.
Understanding safe spaces in academia
Safe spaces in academia serve as vital environments where individuals can express their thoughts, feelings, and identities without fear of discrimination or backlash. I vividly remember a workshop where students shared their experiences of exclusion. It was a transformative moment for all involved; listening to their stories reminded me how essential these spaces are for fostering empathy and understanding.
Creating a safe space means acknowledging and validating varying perspectives. Have you ever felt hesitant to voice an opinion in class? I certainly have. Those moments can be intimidating, but when we’re in an accepting environment, it encourages open dialogue, making it easier to embrace discomfort and learn from one another.
Moreover, safe spaces are not just about physical locations; they extend to creating inclusive practices and policies. Reflecting on my experiences, I’ve seen how respectful conversations can ignite change within a community. Isn’t it powerful to think that fostering a supportive academic atmosphere can lead to groundbreaking ideas and collaborations? This is why nurturing safe spaces is crucial in academia.
Strategies for creating safe spaces
One effective strategy for creating safe spaces is to intentionally set ground rules for discussion. I recall a seminar where we spent the first few minutes establishing guidelines, such as respecting differing opinions and practicing active listening. This simple act transformed the atmosphere; it empowered everyone to contribute without fear. Have you ever noticed how a clear structure can make conversations flow more smoothly? It’s a foundational step in building trust among participants.
Another noteworthy approach is incorporating anonymous feedback mechanisms. I remember implementing this in a course evaluation system, where students could express their thoughts freely without the pressure of being identified. The insights I gained were eye-opening and highlighted areas for improvement that I had overlooked. It begs the question: how often do we miss out on valuable perspectives simply because individuals fear sharing them openly?
Lastly, leveraging diverse representation in leadership can significantly enhance the feeling of safety within an environment. In one of my previous roles, I advocated for a diverse committee to guide our initiatives. This shift not only enriched our discussions but also made participants see themselves reflected in the decision-making process. Have you considered how the people in positions of authority shape the culture of your academic spaces? Their presence can make all the difference in fostering inclusivity and safety.
Challenges in establishing safe spaces
Establishing safe spaces can often feel like navigating a minefield, particularly when addressing diverse perspectives. I remember a workshop where a participant shared a sensitive viewpoint that triggered a defensive reaction from others. It’s a stark reminder that not everyone is prepared to engage openly, and the risk of conflict can inhibit honest conversation. Have you ever witnessed discussions stall because emotions ran high? It underscores the importance of fostering emotional resilience among attendees.
Another challenge lies in ensuring that everyone understands what a safe space truly means. In one instance, I facilitated a session where some assumed safety equated to avoiding difficult topics altogether. This misalignment can lead to frustration and disengagement. Reflecting on that experience, I realized how essential it is to clarify that a safe space encourages respectful debate and healthy dissent. Without this clarity, participants may hold back vital insights, limiting the richness of dialogue.
Lastly, there’s the issue of power dynamics that can undermine safety. In one of my team meetings, a junior staff member hesitated to voice her innovative idea because she feared it might clash with the thoughts of more senior colleagues. This dynamic can create an unspoken hierarchy that stifles creativity and participation. Have you ever found yourself in a similar position, feeling overshadowed by those deemed more authoritative? Acknowledging and addressing these power imbalances is crucial in cultivating genuine empowerment and safety for all voices.
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Gynandromorphisms: A Biological Perspective
Gynandromorphism, a fascinating biological phenomenon, presents organisms with both male and female characteristics. These individuals arise from genetic anomalies during development, leading to a mosaic pattern of sexual features. Exploring gynandromorphisms offers a unique window into the complex interplay between genes, anatomy, and the expression of gender identity and sexual attraction.
Gynandromorphism is a rare biological condition where an organism displays characteristics of both sexes. This phenomenon arises from genetic abnormalities during embryonic development, resulting in a mosaic pattern of male and female traits across the body. Some gynandromorphs exhibit distinct bilateral symmetry, with one side possessing male characteristics and the other side displaying female features. Others may show more scattered mixtures of male and female traits throughout their bodies.
Genetic Basis of Gynandromorphism
The genetic basis of gynandromorphism is complex and not fully understood. It is thought to originate from errors during cell division in the early embryo, leading to an uneven distribution of sex chromosomes (typically XX for females and XY for males) within different cells of the developing organism. This mosaicism results in the expression of both male and female traits in different parts of the body.
Several potential mechanisms contribute to this chromosomal imbalance. These include non-disjunction during meiosis, where chromosomes fail to separate properly, and X chromosome inactivation skewing, where one X chromosome is preferentially silenced in certain cells, leading to an uneven expression of sex-linked genes. Further research is necessary to elucidate the precise genetic factors and developmental pathways involved in gynandromorphism.
Prevalence and Occurrence in Different Species
Gynandromorphisms occur across a wide range of animal species, although their prevalence varies significantly. Insects, particularly butterflies and moths, are known for exhibiting this phenomenon quite frequently. This is likely due to their relatively short generation times and the ease with which genetic mutations can arise and be passed on. Gynandromorphism has also been observed in other invertebrates like crustaceans and spiders.
Among vertebrates, gynandromorphism is considerably rarer. Birds, reptiles, and amphibians exhibit it less frequently than insects. Cases have been documented in species such as chickens, turtles, and frogs. Mammals are less prone to displaying this condition, though there have been isolated reports in various species, including humans.
The exact reasons for the variations in prevalence across different taxonomic groups remain unclear. Factors like reproductive strategies, genetic makeup, and environmental influences may play a role in determining the likelihood of gynandromorphism occurring within a particular species.
Gynandromorphs as a Model for Studying Gender Identity
Gynandromorphs, organisms displaying both male and female characteristics, offer a unique lens for exploring the complexities of gender identity and sexual attraction. Their existence challenges traditional binary notions of sex and sheds light on the intricate interplay between genetics, anatomy, and the expression of these fundamental aspects of identity.
Exploring the Relationship Between Phenotype and Identity
Gynandromorphs, with their mosaic patterns of male and female traits, provide a compelling model for studying the relationship between phenotype and gender identity. Their existence challenges the traditional binary view of sex and offers insights into how genes, anatomy, and personal experience contribute to an individual’s sense of self.
By observing how gynandromorphs behave and express themselves, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the fluidity of gender identity and the potential for it to exist on a spectrum rather than as strictly defined categories.
The study of gynandromorph sexual behavior can also shed light on the complexities of sexual attraction. Do these individuals experience attraction based on their observed sex characteristics, or is there another factor at play? Exploring these questions can contribute to a more nuanced understanding of how attraction and identity are intertwined.
While more research is needed to fully unravel the complexities surrounding gynandromorphism and gender identity, this unique phenomenon offers valuable insights into the diverse ways in which individuals experience and express their gender.
Potential Insights into the Nature of Sex Differences
Gynandromorphs present a compelling model for studying gender identity because they demonstrate that sex characteristics don’t always align neatly with binary categories of male or female. Observing how gynandromorph individuals behave and interact can provide valuable insights into the nature of sex differences and how they relate to gender identity.
For instance, if gynandromorphs consistently express a gender identity that corresponds to one particular set of their physical traits (either predominantly male or female), it could suggest that gender identity is primarily driven by anatomical features. Alternatively, if their gender identity seems independent of their physical characteristics, it might indicate that other factors, such as hormonal influences or personal experience, play a more significant role in shaping gender identity.
Further research into the behavioral patterns and self-perceptions of gynandromorphs could shed light on the interplay between genetics, anatomy, and social experiences in the development of gender identity. This information could contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of human sexuality and gender diversity.
Challenges and Limitations of Using Gynandromorphs for this Purpose
While gynandromorphisms offer a unique opportunity to study gender identity, there are significant challenges and limitations associated with using them for this purpose. One major challenge is the rarity of gynandromorphism in many species, making it difficult to obtain sufficient sample sizes for robust scientific analysis.
Another limitation is the inherent complexity of attributing specific behavioral or psychological traits solely to an organism’s physical sex characteristics. It is crucial to consider that environmental factors, social interactions, and individual experiences also play a role in shaping behavior and identity.
Furthermore, extrapolating findings from animal models to human gender identity can be problematic. While similarities exist, there are fundamental differences in the social and cultural contexts that shape human gender development and expression.
It is also important to approach the study of gynandromorphs with sensitivity and ethical considerations. Their unique existence should be respected, and research practices must prioritize their well-being and avoid exploitation.
Gynandromorphism and Sexual Attraction
Gynandromorphism, a fascinating biological phenomenon where organisms exhibit characteristics of both sexes, provides a unique window into the complex interplay between genetics, anatomy, and the expression of gender identity and sexual attraction.
Observed Behaviors in Gynandromorph Populations
Gynandromorphisms offer valuable insights into the fluidity of gender identity by demonstrating that sex characteristics don’t always neatly align with binary categories. Observing how gynandromorph individuals behave and interact can provide clues about the nature of sex differences and their relationship to gender identity.
It is important to note that these are just theoretical explanations, and further research is needed to fully understand the complex interplay of factors contributing to gender identity and sexual attraction in gynandromorphs.
Implications for Understanding the Complexity of Sexuality
Gynandromorphism, a fascinating biological phenomenon where organisms display characteristics of both sexes, offers valuable insights into the complexities of gender identity and sexual attraction. This rare occurrence arises from genetic anomalies during embryonic development, resulting in a mosaic pattern of male and female traits across the body.
Observing gynandromorph behavior can shed light on the fluidity of gender identity, challenging traditional binary notions of sex. It highlights the intricate interplay between genetics, anatomy, and the expression of these fundamental aspects of identity.
While more research is needed to fully unravel the complexities surrounding gynandromorphism, its existence challenges our understanding of how sex and gender are defined and experienced. It underscores the diversity of nature and encourages a more nuanced approach to understanding the spectrum of human sexuality and gender identities.
The study of gynandromorphs, organisms exhibiting traits of both sexes, raises important ethical considerations. It is crucial to treat these individuals with respect and avoid exploiting their unique biology for research purposes. Researchers must ensure that any investigations adhere to strict ethical guidelines, prioritizing the well-being of the animals involved.
Research Ethics and Respect for Individual Organisms
Ethical considerations are paramount when studying gynandromorph organisms. Their rarity and sensitivity necessitate a careful approach that prioritizes respect and avoids exploitation. Researchers have an obligation to ensure that research practices adhere to stringent ethical guidelines, upholding the welfare of these unique individuals.
One crucial aspect is obtaining informed consent, even though it’s impossible to obtain explicit consent from animals. Researchers must strive to minimize any potential distress or harm to the gynandromorphs during the study process. This includes careful handling techniques, appropriate environmental conditions, and minimizing invasive procedures whenever possible.
Transparency and open communication are essential in ethical research. Researchers should clearly communicate the objectives of their studies to the scientific community and the public, outlining the potential benefits and risks involved. Open access to data and findings allows for scrutiny and promotes responsible use of information.
Furthermore, it is important to consider the broader implications of studying gynandromorphs. Their existence challenges traditional notions of sex and gender, raising questions about how we define and understand these concepts. Researchers have a responsibility to engage in thoughtful and nuanced discussions about these issues, avoiding sensationalism or misrepresentation.
Respect for individual organisms is paramount in all scientific endeavors. Gynandromorph research, with its unique complexities, calls for particular sensitivity and ethical vigilance. By adhering to the highest ethical standards, researchers can contribute to a deeper understanding of these fascinating creatures while ensuring their well-being and promoting responsible scientific practices.
The Potential for Misinterpretation and Exploitation
The study of gynandromorphism, while offering valuable insights into gender identity and sexual attraction, presents several ethical considerations. The potential for misinterpretation and exploitation is significant due to the complex and often sensitive nature of these topics.
One concern is the risk of sensationalizing or misrepresenting findings related to gynandromorph behavior. Presenting this information in a way that reinforces stereotypes or prejudices about gender and sexuality can be harmful to individuals and contribute to societal stigma. Researchers have an ethical responsibility to communicate their findings accurately and sensitively, avoiding language that could perpetuate misinformation or reinforce harmful biases.
Another concern is the potential for exploiting gynandromorph organisms for research purposes. Due to their rarity and unique biology, there is a risk of subjecting them to unnecessary stress or harm in pursuit of knowledge. It is crucial to prioritize the well-being of these individuals and ensure that any research practices are ethical and humane.
Furthermore, extrapolating findings from animal models to human gender identity can be problematic. While gynandromorph behavior can offer valuable insights, it’s essential to recognize the limitations of applying these observations directly to human experiences. Humans have complex social, cultural, and psychological factors that influence their gender identity in ways that may not be fully captured by studying animal models.
Open communication and transparency are essential for addressing these ethical challenges. Researchers must engage in ongoing dialogue with the scientific community and the public to ensure that research practices are conducted responsibly and ethically.
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National Fish & Chip Day – 6 June
Rich, delicious, flavourful, and utterly satisfying is the best way to describe fish and chips!
Fish and Chip Day commemorates this national meal of the working class throughout the United Kingdom and beyond. And while its roots may lay on Britannia’s foggy shores, there are few places in the world that this comfort food hasn’t found its way to.
History of Fish and Chip Day
No one knows precisely where or when fish and chips came together. Chips had arrived in Britain from France in the eighteenth century and were known as Pommes Frites. The first mention of chips was in 1854 when a leading chef included “thin cut potatoes cooked in oil” in his recipe book, Shilling Cookery. Around this time, fish warehouses sold fried fish and bread, with mention of this in Charles Dickens’ novel Oliver Twist published in 1830.
The British Government safeguarded the supply of fish and chips during the First World War and the Second World War and it was one of the few foods in the UK not subject to rationing during the wars so helped feed the masses.
In the late 1800s, trawl fishing became a major part of the economic industry in the North Sea. This resulted in the growing availability of fresh fish in areas further inland in the British Isles, especially within the cities. This cheap, very filling and highly caloric food created an excellent foundation for a working class that held incredibly physically demanding jobs throughout the late 19th century. Thus it was that “Chippers” started cropping up all over major population centres, the vendors that served the fish and chips to the people on the street.
A great fish and chips are only as good as its ingredients. The U.K.’s favourite fish is still cod and accounts for more than half of the total consumption. Haddock is the second favourite, and there are regional variations include whiting in Northern Ireland and some parts of Scotland, as well as skate and huss in the south of England.
When it comes to the chip, a floury potato is best—waxy potatoes can often result in greasy chips. The best varieties are King Edward, Maris Piper, and Sante. A thick-cut potato absorbs less oil than a thin cut, so the chunkier chips are the healthier ones.
Fish and Chip Day is just the time to celebrate this delicious meal so either head out to your local chippie or how about trying out our recipe suggestions!
The Ultimate Fish & Chips
Prep time: 25 mins
Cook time: 40 mins
A lighter, healthier twist on a British classic.
Easy Mushy Peas
Prep time: 5 mins
Cook time: 30 mins
Enjoy comfort food at its best with homemade mushy peas. Their subtle mint and lemon flavour mean they’re perfect with fish and chips.
The Best Tartare Sauce
Prep time: 10 mins
This easy homemade tartare sauce is better than anything you can buy at the store. It’s extra creamy and perfect for serving next to your favourite seafood dishes.
Homemade Curry Sauce for Chips
Prep time: 5 mins
Cook time: 10 mins
This homemade takeaway Chinese curry sauce – chip shop style on fat chips is so so good. Thick, gloopy with no added nasties.
Cheats Scampi with Chunky Chips
Prep time: 15 mins
Cook time: 45 mins
A classic favourite that’s satisfying and surprisingly healthy!
Asian-style Fish and Chips
Prep time: 20 mins
Cook time: 35 mins
Fancy a slightly more daring fish supper? Give your Friday night fish and chips an Asian twist with tempura-battered cod and a spicy wasabi tartare sauce.
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"The U.S. Navy Mark V is the most coveted and recognized diving helmet in the world. It embodies helmeted diving with its bold look, functional design and long-standing history in American diving."
Stream-lining of the Mark Helmets
An earlier age of diving pioneers held the belief that the more extravagant and involved a diving apparatus, the more sophisticated it was, and therefore, the better it would be to convey a diver to depth. By the turn of the twentieth century, helmet manufacturers came to this realization that the more extravagant the design, the better chance something would fail, and there began a shift toward simplicity.
The U.S. Navy Mark V was created during the diving craze of the early twentieth century, when many different helmets were produced and knowledge about diving was becoming increasingly common. By 1917, G. L. Stillson completed the design of the Mark V, but at the time, no one could have foreseen the impact it would have on the history of diving.
This, of course, begs the question, what was different about this helmet that separated it from helmets of the same generation? Well, when Stillson called for the standardization of the Navy dive program, they needed not only good equipment, but it had to be the best. Main considerations were that it had to be easily fixable, comprehensible by the average enlisted-man, and sufficient for deep-dives. The combination of these requirements produced a well-built unit that would be used by the U.S. Navy for more than fifty years!
The design of the helmet, the placement of the components, and the size and weight considerations were completed by a process of trial and error. Four helmets were constructed and tried: the Marks I, II, III, and IV, and the best aspects from these four designs were used to build the Mark V helmet.
Early Mark Helmets: I-IV
Two companies manufactured the early Mark helmets. The Morse Company of Boston was first commissioned to build helmets to the navy standard. The identifying feature of the Morse helmets is the oval shaped side ports. The Shrader Company of New York was commissioned to build early Mark helmets as well but with their design instead, has circular side ports. Below are the Mark I-IV helmets made by Morse and Shrader:
The protagonist, the Mark V...
The Navy used the Marks I-IV, as shown above, with great success for many years, but with four designs in circulation, there still wasn't a standard helmet for the diving program (which was the original purpose of improving the diving program). Incorporating various design features of the earlier Mark helmets, allowed for the Mark V helmet to take on a common shape and features.
The Navy commissioned four companies to produce the Mark V diving helmets. They continued the already existing tradition with the Shrader and Morse Companies, but added the Diving Equipment and Supply Company (DESCO) of Milwaukee and the Miller-Dunn Company of Miami.
Morse Mark V
Mark V Expanded
The strategic placement of the components separated the Mark V from all other helmets. The Mark V remained the U.S. navy standard from 1915 to 1979 while it remained largely unchanged.
Symbolism of the Mark V
The longevity of the helmet's application both militarily and commercially are are symbolic of the United States military at large. It stands as an identity of the ingenuity and design associated with the military similarly to the M16 rifle and the M113 tank.
If you ever get a chance to dive a Mark V you will understand why they are among the best ever made.
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The pursuit of excellence is an inherent characteristic of human nature. In every endeavour, from crafting the finest piece of art to engineering complex software systems, the aspiration to achieve and maintain high standards of quality is unceasing. In the realms of manufacturing, services, and software development, two fundamental concepts play a pivotal role in upholding these standards: Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC). Though often used interchangeably, QA and QC are distinct approaches with specific purposes. In this comprehensive exploration, we delve into the definitions, similarities, differences, and strategies for maintaining unwavering quality.
Quality Assurance & Quality Control: A Brief Breakdown
Quality Assurance and Quality Control are the cornerstones of maintaining product or service quality. While both are essential components of a comprehensive quality management system, they tackle different aspects of the quality spectrum.
Quality Assurance (QA) encompasses a holistic approach that is process-oriented. It involves a series of systematic activities designed to ensure that the processes used to develop or deliver a product or service are consistent and effective. QA aims to prevent defects or issues from occurring in the first place by setting up robust processes, standards, and methodologies. It involves continuous monitoring, evaluation, and improvement of processes to enhance efficiency and minimise deviations from established norms.
On the other hand, Quality Control (QC) is a product-oriented approach that focuses on identifying defects or discrepancies in the final product or service. It involves rigorous inspections, testing, and measurements to assess whether the product or service meets the predetermined quality standards. QC primarily deals with identifying and rectifying issues after they have occurred, ensuring that only products meeting the desired quality levels are delivered to customers.
Similarities Between QA and QC
Though Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) adopt distinct approaches, they share common goals and attributes that form the bedrock of any robust quality management system.
Customer satisfaction is the ultimate litmus test for the success of any product or service. Both QA and QC are inherently driven by the shared objective of meeting and exceeding customer needs and expectations. A product or service that adheres to stringent quality standards is more likely to result in customer delight and foster long-term loyalty. The intersection of QA and QC at the point of customer satisfaction is where the success of both methodologies converges.
Continuous improvement is a mantra woven into the fabric of both QA and QC. While QA focuses on refining processes to prevent defects from occurring in the first place, QC identifies areas where processes may be falling short and prompts adjustments for future enhancements. This dynamic interplay ensures that not only are current issues addressed, but lessons learned are applied to foster an environment of perpetual improvement. The amalgamation of proactive and reactive measures facilitates a comprehensive approach to refining and optimising organisational processes.
In the age of data-driven decision-making, both QA and QC rely on data and metrics to make informed decisions. QA utilises data to analyse trends and identify potential process improvements. By contrast, QC leverages data to detect deviations from standards and pinpoint areas for correction. The common thread lies in the strategic use of data as a compass guiding organisations toward higher levels of efficiency and quality. The synergy between QA and QC ensures that data becomes a powerful tool for achieving quality objectives.
Effective implementation of both QA and QC necessitates collaboration among different teams and stakeholders within an organisation. QA ensures that everyone involved understands and adheres to standardised processes. Simultaneously, QC involves cross-functional teams in identifying and addressing defects. The collaborative spirit that permeates both methodologies fosters a shared commitment to quality. The result is an organisation where individuals from various departments collaborate seamlessly, each contributing to the larger goal of delivering high-quality products or services.
These similarities underscore the idea that, despite their different foci and methods, QA and QC are complementary forces working in tandem to ensure the overall success of an organisation in meeting quality standards and customer expectations. The intersection of these two approaches creates a holistic quality management ecosystem that not only identifies and rectifies defects but also prevents their occurrence through systematic processes and continuous improvement initiatives.
Differences Between QA and QC
In the intricate landscape of quality management, understanding the nuanced differences between Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) is essential. While both share the overarching goal of delivering high-quality products or services, their methodologies, focus, and timelines diverge significantly.
1- Focus and Timing
QA: Embarking on a proactive journey, QA focuses on preventing defects by establishing and maintaining robust processes. Its activities span the entire development lifecycle, from inception to delivery. QA strives to lay the groundwork for quality from the very beginning, ensuring that every step adheres to predefined standards and methodologies.
QC: Taking a reactive stance, QC is primarily concerned with identifying defects after they have occurred. QC activities unfold towards the end of the development lifecycle during product testing and inspection. Its emphasis lies on scrutinising the final product or service to ensure it aligns with predetermined quality standards before reaching the customer.
2- Nature of Activities
QA: Engages in a spectrum of proactive activities such as process definition, process monitoring, process improvement, and training. The essence of QA lies in establishing a culture of quality by emphasising preemptive measures to ensure consistency and effectiveness throughout the development or delivery process.
QC: Encompasses a set of reactive activities, including inspections, testing, and measurements. The primary goal of QC is to identify and rectify defects that have occurred during the development process. It emphasises post-production measures to ensure that the final product or service meets the desired quality standards.
QA: Aims to build a robust process that prevents defects from occurring in the first place. By instituting stringent standards, methodologies, and continuous improvement initiatives, QA seeks to minimise the need for corrective actions downstream.
QC: Aims to identify defects in the final product or service and take corrective actions to ensure that only products meeting quality standards are released to customers. QC acts as a gatekeeper, ensuring that any defects are rectified before they reach the hands of the end-user.
QA: The responsibility for QA is distributed across the entire team involved in the development or delivery process. It is a collective effort where everyone, from project managers to developers, contributes to adhering to standardised processes and maintaining high-quality standards.
QC: In contrast, QC is often carried out by dedicated quality control teams. These teams are specifically responsible for inspecting and testing products for defects. The focus of QC lies in thorough scrutiny and validation, ensuring that the final output meets the defined quality criteria.
Understanding these differences is crucial for organisations aiming to implement a comprehensive quality management strategy. By acknowledging the unique roles and responsibilities of QA and QC, organisations can create a harmonious synergy that addresses both preventive and corrective aspects of quality assurance. It's not a matter of choosing between QA or QC; rather, it's about recognising their distinctive contributions and integrating them seamlessly to ensure a holistic approach to quality management.
How to Always Maintain Quality
Maintaining unwavering quality demands a strategic combination of QA and QC approaches, along with a commitment to continuous improvement. Here's a roadmap to ensure excellence in your endeavours:
1- Establish Clear Standards
The foundation of maintaining quality begins with the establishment of clear and precise quality standards. These standards serve as a guiding compass for both QA and QC efforts, providing a benchmark against which the development and inspection processes can be measured. Clearly defined standards facilitate uniformity and consistency throughout the organisation.
2- Implement Robust Processes
QA places a strong emphasis on processes. Implementing robust processes is the cornerstone of QA, ensuring that they are well-documented, standardised, and consistently followed across the organisation. Well-defined processes form the backbone of preventing defects and deviations, fostering a culture of quality from the ground up.
3- Training and Skill Development
Investing in training programs is essential to equip your team with the necessary skills to execute processes effectively. A knowledgeable and skilled team is better positioned to identify potential issues, adhere to standardised processes, and actively contribute to the overall quality objectives of the organisation. Training ensures that the workforce is well-prepared to navigate the complexities of the quality landscape.
4- Regular Monitoring and Evaluation
Continuous improvement begins with regular monitoring and evaluation of processes. QA practices involve data analysis, trend identification, and process optimisation. By continuously assessing the effectiveness of processes, organisations can proactively identify areas for improvement, preventing potential defects and deviations before they become significant issues.
5- Thorough Testing and Inspection
Complementing QA, QC practices involve thorough testing and inspections of the final products or services. This ensures that defects are identified and rectified before reaching the customer. Rigorous testing is a key aspect of QC, acting as a safety net to catch any deviations from quality standards and preventing them from impacting the end-user experience.
6- Feedback Integration
Feedback loops from QC activities should be integrated into the broader quality management system. Leverage insights gained from QC to drive improvements in processes. Addressing the root causes of defects identified during QC activities ensures that corrective actions are taken, preventing the recurrence of similar issues in the future. Feedback integration is a crucial step in the continuous improvement cycle.
7- Continuous Improvement
Embrace a culture of continuous improvement that extends across both QA and QC processes. Regularly review and refine these processes to adapt to changing requirements, emerging technologies, and industry best practices. Continuous improvement ensures that the organisation remains agile and responsive to the evolving landscape, positioning itself as a leader in delivering exceptional quality.
8- Collaboration and Communication
Foster a culture of collaboration and open communication between teams involved in QA and QC. Transparent communication ensures that issues are addressed promptly and effectively. Cross-functional collaboration between QA and QC teams facilitates a holistic approach to quality management, where insights from both proactive and reactive measures are leveraged for optimal results.
9- Customer-Centric Approach
Keep the customer at the centre of your quality efforts. Understand their needs, preferences, and feedback to tailor your quality management strategies. A customer-centric approach ensures that your products or services align with customer expectations, leading to higher satisfaction and loyalty. Regular customer feedback serves as a valuable input for refining both QA and QC processes.
In essence, the roadmap to always maintain quality involves a synergistic integration of QA and QC approaches, guided by clear standards, robust processes, continuous improvement, and a customer-centric mindset. This strategic combination not only prevents defects but also ensures that the final products or services consistently meet or exceed customer expectations. The journey towards unwavering quality is not a destination but an ongoing commitment to excellence.
Table 1: Metrics to measure the effectiveness of Quality Control (QC)
QC Metrics | Description |
Defect Density | Number of defects identified per unit. |
Inspection Effectiveness | How well inspections uncover quality issues. |
Test Coverage | Percentage of code exercised by testing. |
Escaped Defects | Defects found by customers after product release. |
Resolution Time | Time taken to resolve identified defects. |
Navigating Challenges: Ensuring Constant Quality in the Face of Adversity
While the pursuit of constant quality is a noble endeavour, organisations often encounter a myriad of challenges along the way. Understanding and addressing these challenges is essential to maintaining unwavering quality. Let's delve into some of the common hurdles and strategies to overcome them:
1. Changing Requirements
One of the primary challenges is the ever-evolving landscape of requirements. Customer expectations shift, industry standards change, and technological advancements introduce new complexities. Adapting to these changes requires a dynamic approach to quality management. Regularly reassessing and updating standards, processes, and training programs ensures that the organisation remains agile in the face of changing requirements.
2. Resource Constraints
Limited resources, whether in terms of budget, time, or manpower, can pose a significant challenge. Balancing the need for comprehensive QA and QC activities with resource constraints requires strategic prioritisation. Organisations must identify critical processes and stages where QA and QC efforts can have the most significant impact, optimising resource allocation for maximum effectiveness.
3. Technological Advancements
While technological advancements offer opportunities for improvement, they also present challenges in terms of integration and compatibility. New technologies may disrupt existing processes, requiring organisations to invest in training and updates. QA practices need to be flexible enough to incorporate emerging technologies seamlessly, ensuring that advancements enhance, rather than hinder, overall quality.
4. Globalisation and Supply Chain Complexity
In an era of globalisation, supply chains are often complex and interconnected. Ensuring quality across diverse locations and suppliers introduces challenges related to standardisation and consistency. Implementing standardised QA and QC practices, along with clear communication channels, helps maintain quality standards throughout a global supply chain.
5. Rapid Development Cycles
Agile development methodologies and rapid release cycles are prevalent in many industries. While these practices enhance responsiveness, they also pose challenges for traditional QA and QC processes. Implementing automated testing, continuous integration, and parallel testing streams can help organisations keep pace with rapid development cycles without compromising on quality.
6. Resistance to Change
Introducing new QA and QC processes often faces resistance from within the organisation. Employees may be accustomed to existing workflows, and change can be met with scepticism. Overcoming this challenge requires effective change management strategies, clear communication of benefits, and providing the necessary training and support to ease the transition.
7. External Factors
External factors such as economic fluctuations, geopolitical events, or public health crises can have an unforeseen impact on the ability to maintain constant quality. Establishing contingency plans and building resilience into the quality management system helps organisations navigate external uncertainties without compromising on their commitment to quality.
8. Balancing QA and QC Efforts
Striking the right balance between preventive QA measures and corrective QC actions can be challenging. Overemphasis on either approach may lead to inefficiencies or overlooking potential issues. A holistic approach that integrates both QA and QC seamlessly, with feedback loops for continuous improvement, is crucial for maintaining a well-rounded quality management system.
Addressing these challenges requires a proactive and adaptive mindset. Organisations that anticipate and respond to these hurdles with strategic solutions are better positioned to ensure constant quality. Continuous monitoring, flexibility in processes, and a commitment to learning from challenges contribute to the resilience needed for navigating the complexities of quality management. The journey to constant quality is not without obstacles, but it is through overcoming these challenges that organisations strengthen their commitment to excellence.
In the realm of quality management, both Quality Assurance and Quality Control play indispensable roles. While QA focuses on preventing defects through robust processes, QC targets defect identification and correction. The synergy between these two approaches is crucial for achieving and maintaining high standards of quality. By combining the strengths of QA and QC, organisations can consistently deliver products and services that meet or exceed customer expectations. The journey towards excellence is perpetual, requiring a commitment to continuous improvement and a dedication to unwavering quality standards.
If you’re yearning to master the art of precision and unfailing quality, our ‘Comprehensive Quality Control and Assurance’ course stands as the beacon guiding your path. Delve deeper into the intricacies, strategies, and techniques of QA and QC. Equip yourself with the wisdom and prowess to steer organisations toward a realm of unwavering excellence. Your journey doesn't end here; it flourishes with the knowledge imparted by our comprehensive course.
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Feature Engineering: A Must for Success in Data Science
Hello data science enthusiasts! In the sixth week of our bootcamp, I will talk to you about Feature Engineering. The primary goal of feature engineering is to modify existing features or create new ones to improve the performance of a machine learning model or better represent information in the dataset. Data that has undergone a good feature engineering process makes it easier for the machine learning model to make more effective and accurate predictions when applied. It is one of the most critical steps in a data science or machine learning project.
Feature engineering can help prevent overfitting on the training data. Unnecessary or excessive features may cause the model to learn random noise in the dataset and struggle to generalize to new data. Removing overly complex features can make our model run more efficiently. As a result, feature engineering provides significant advantages such as better representation of the dataset, improved model performance, and prevention of overfitting. Therefore, performing this step diligently is crucial to achieving successful results in a data science or machine learning project.
Outliers are values in the data that significantly deviate from the general trend. Dealing with outliers can be approached through visual inspections (such as…
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With the rise of technological advancements in diverse areas including human interactions, tourism, industrial sectors, businesses and most importantly is the dominance of technology in the education sector. Nowadays, the education industry would be enhanced to $252 billion by 2020.
Today, learning has become the most captivating source of attaining experiences, both within the internal or outside of the classroom environment. Hence, with the stable implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) associated with Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality, it isn’t the case with having hands-on experience with learning trends has flourished to the next level. However, the question of arises that what are significant alternations that are mostly faced by the people. Hence, in this article, we have highlighted the reasons that explain the impact of AR & VR in the education industry.
Students Having Knowledge Of Coding Fundamentals
Certainly, software development and coding trends have already been initiated with mere focus on open-source tools for education and relevant industries. Therefore, students are exposed to coding as it is the part of their curriculum and technology is now considered as an integral part of the classroom and even more prevalent than the conventional approaches and elements i.e. chalks, markers, blackboards, and whiteboards.
It is obvious that programming and coding principles and its hands-on exposure with various coding languages and frameworks aims to prepare the student to have clear comprehensive experience of latest technology pertaining to AR and VR trends constituted in a more useful and effective way because when that student grows up and steps further in advanced classes, the nature of the job that he or she chooses to work would most probably be related to technology and relevant genre will certainly require coding tools and techniques to perform your work in timely and effective way.
Improved Engagement within the classroom environment
It must be kept into consideration that over 30 years of applications of AR and VR has been a questionable subject of conducting academic research and development strategies. Significantly, the applications of AI including AR and VR provides various techniques that assist you to expand your knowledge and understanding regarding using various tools and techniques for the development of the more accurate and detailed illustration of how the human mind works in a precise way.
With the dynamic expansion of AR & VR trends, students can be possibly engaged in several distinctive ways to make expansion across the reach of outdated textbooks or classified classrooms. The recent reports support this fact, explaining the ways in which AR and VR will respectively transform the insights pertaining to the education industry in the upcoming decades.
For Instance, in a class of history, the teachers want to speak about the wars happened during the independence time frame, students can figure out an animated battle via Google Glass or VR Glasses, so that students can travel to the virtual world of when the time period of dinosaurs existed and walked amongst various creatures to learn about specific topics in detailed understanding and planned pace.
Furthermore, AI applications pertaining to AR and VR tools and resources will be soon accessed in classrooms via desktop computers, laptops or smartphones.
Distinction among online platforms and traditional classrooms
With the advancement of wide online educational platforms including Coursera, Udemy, Khan Academy, Allision and others. Likewise, we mostly see quite a lot of people involved in attaining education from renowned institutions, universities, and training centers. Now, anyone can get remotely enrolled in a university which is thousands of kilometers away with just tapping a single click.
Significantly, Universities, Institutions, and Colleges are starting to provide quality based and real-time education in the form of online courses, certification and training programs will be provided to the people located at remote cities, countries and nations. By 2019, Almost 50% of all higher education courses and trainings will be provided online.
Furthermore, in 2017, the research indicates that 9 out of 10 deans expected the number of online courses, certification and training programs to be increased in the upcoming decades.
Providing Concise Information
It is essential to provide essential details and information that helps people those who use smart content that uses the knowledge of various areas of AI particularly AR and VR helps people to disseminate and breaks down your conceptual framework of textbook content into concise “smart” study guide that comprises of chapter summaries, fill in the blanks, multiple choice questions (MCQs), true and false questions, and practical tests.
Hence, all of the detailed information will be prevalent to provide concise and accurate information for students to excel in their studies that will result in their personal growth and knowledge to expose their skills for their career growth in their respective stage of products and services.
Always remember that technology is the best companion
It should always be kept into consideration that technology is the key aspect that brings up to a lot of situations perceiving the association of conventional roles and practices. Honestly, when it brings up education, there is no any alteration for predicting human-computer interaction, and in these situations, the role of the teacher becomes quite essential than ever.
Hence, with the consumption of AI applications such as AR and VR, we make the transition from simply learning a subject or specific topic and we switch into the feeling and experiencing the visualized content which is taught as a subject in the smart classrooms.
Significantly, smart automation helps to streamline its basic tasks, leaving teachers and educationists to get involved in such important guidelines. Moreover, it will provide essential relationships between the student and teacher throughout maintaining personalized education strategies.
Furthermore, teachers will be able to focus on assisting their students to develop the personalized features needed into 21st century based non-cognitive skills.
As discussed in the article AR & VR is revolutionizing the education industry, and maintaining real-time communication is constantly revolutionizing E-Learning by empowering real-time based on engaging experiences via performing smart automation is anticipating educationists to take relevant advantages associated with technological advancements in the dimensions of AR and VR.
Hence, by utilizing live communication with video streaming aspects, educationists can reach at any scale along with providing online tutors which deliver in-depth facial recognition and personalized experience that students respondto work well in a classroom. Thus, popular companies such as Microsoft, Google, and Double Robotics are providing enormous online learning and real-time communication.
The author is a content executive @WebbyGiants, a software company that provides professional web design services in California, US.
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Don’t bathe the baby daily
It might be unavoidable. After all, babies get messy. Spit up and diaper blowouts make a quick bath a necessity sometimes. But when you can help it, it’s best to avoid daily baths for babies under one year old. Instead aim for one full bath a week.
Daily baths can dry out your infant’s skin. As your child grows, their skin will be able to handle more frequent bathing. Instead of washing your baby or toddler first thing with soap, start the bath without soap; allowing your baby or toddler to play for a few minutes before washing them up. Less time sitting in soap means less skin irritation. Use plenty of lotion when bath time is done.
Bathing kids age 6-11
You know babies need less frequent bathing, but your older kids get dirty! Daily baths for older kids are fine. Their skin can handle the frequent washing. However, they may not need to spend much time in the tub. The American Academy of Dermatology recommends bathing children age 6-11 once or twice a week or when:
- They get dirty from playing outside
- They finish swimming in a pool, lake, or ocean
- They get sweaty or are dealing with body odor
- Your doctor or dermatologist gives you recommendations for certain skin conditions
Bathing after puberty
While younger kids might get dirtier, your pre-teens or teenagers are dealing with other issues. Puberty makes it necessary for your child to bathe daily. Your pre-teen and teenagers should:
- Shower or bathe every day
- Wash their face twice a day (helps to avoid acne)
- Shower or bathe after sweating heavily, playing sports, or swimming
It may not be difficult to get your teenagers to bathe daily, especially if you explain its benefits. If it difficult, keep encouraging. It’ll help keep their skin healthy and body odors to a minimum.
While it’s not always necessary for your child to take a daily bath, frequent handwashing is critical. Teach your child to wash their hands before meals, after using the restroom, after blowing their nose, or after playing with pets. Healthy handwashing should include the following steps.
- Use warm water to wet your hands.
- Apply soap and rub your hands together to lather. Remember to get in between your fingers.
- Keep lathering and rubbing your hands for about 20 seconds.
- Rinse with warm running water.
- Dry your hands on a clean towel.
Even when your child isn’t bathing daily, they can still maintain healthy handwashing habits. It may take some time for your child to remember to wash their hands, so keep reminding!
Bathing safety tips
It’s easy to forget that even older children can get hurt — or drown — during a bath. Follow these safety tips to protect your child.
- Always be present while bathing children younger than seven years old. Encourage older children to keep the door open while bathing alone.
- Turn down your water heater. Avoid burns by keeping your water heater no higher than 120 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Use fragrance-free soaps and lotions to avoid drying out your child’s skin.
- Keep baths brief. Your child doesn’t need an hour-long bath. Instead, shoot for about 10 minutes.
It doesn’t matter if your child is 2 months or 12 years, regular bathing is an important part of their hygiene habits. Knowing how often your child needs to bath will help keep their skin healthy and happy.
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Yuji is a pioneer in the field of ethnic studies. We both graduated from Berkeley High School and I was one of the students who benefitted from taking ethnic studies classes about both African American and Raza studies departments. Yuji was born in 1936 in San Francisco California. He and his family were imprisoned during WW2. Yuji joined the army and studied at Columbia University and UC Berkeley. He is the first person to use the term "Asian American" and was involved in the late 60's in the third world strike protests at UC Berkeley and San Francisco State where there would later be the first college with an ethnic studies program. He was also instrumental in founding the Asian American studies center at UCLA which he co-founded withVicci Wong. He authored books (A Buried Past) , volunteered in his community, and helped to push forward and found the modern conversation on ethnic studies which is basically reviving stories about people of color that have been lost, looked over, omitted, and or erased. One of the most powerful things about an Asian American department or term besides educating other people who don't know, is uniting Asians from different countries and backgrounds and that unity is why I titled this series "Kindred Journey". Yuji passed away in 2002.
Sources: SF Gate, LA Times, Asian American Activism Tumblr
You can purchase this original illustration $40 (includes shipping within the U.S.) by emailing me at [email protected] (a portion will be donated to the Yuji Ichioka Endowed Chair in Social Justice Studies, c/o UCLA Asian American Studies Center)
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Created by: CK-12/Adapted by Christine Miller
High and Hypoxic
This mountain scene of Machu Picchu in the Peruvian Andes is a sight to behold. Lurking behind the beauty of this and some other mountain ranges, however, is a potentially deadly threat to the human organism: high-altitude hypoxia. Hypoxia is literally a lack of oxygen. It occurs to varying degrees at altitudes higher than about 2,500 metres above sea level. Yet despite the high altitude of the location shown in Figure 6.6.1, it is very evident that humans have been thriving in this environment for long periods of time; in fact, Machu Picchu was most likely built in the mid 1400s. Modern day peoples live in high altitude locations all over earth where hypoxia may occur, including the Himalaya Mountains in Asia, the Ethiopian Highlands in Africa, and the Rocky Mountains in North America.
Why Hypoxia Occurs at High Altitudes
Although the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere is the same at high altitudes as it is at sea level, the atmosphere is less dense at high altitudes. This means that the molecules of oxygen (and other gases) in the air are more spread out, so a given volume of air contains fewer oxygen molecules. This results in lower air pressure at high altitude. Air pressure decreases exponentially as altitude increases, as shown in the graph below (Figure 6.6.2).
At sea level, air pressure is about 100 kPa. At this air pressure, the air is dense and oxygen passes easily from the air in the lungs through cell membranes into the bloodstream. This is because concentration affects diffusion — the higher the concentration of oxygen in the air we breath, the more it will diffuse into our blood. It is likely we evolved at or near sea level altitudes, so it is not surprising that the human body generally performs best at this altitude. However, as air pressure decreases at high altitudes, it becomes more difficult for adequate oxygen to pass into the bloodstream, and blood levels of oxygen start to fall.
At 2,500 metres above sea level, air pressure is only about 75 per cent of that at sea level, and at five thousand metres, air pressure is only about 50 per cent of the sea level value. The latter altitude is about the altitude of the Mount Everest Base Camp and of the highest permanent human settlement (La Rinconada in Peru, pictured in Figure 6.6.3). Altitudes above 2,500 metres generally require acclimatization or adaptation to prevent illness from hypoxia. Above 7,500 metres, serious symptoms of hypoxia are likely to develop. Altitudes above eight thousand metres are in the “death zone.” This is the zone where hypoxia becomes too great to sustain human life. The summit of Everest, with an altitude of 8,848 metres, is well within the death zone. Mountain climbers can survive there only by taking in extra oxygen from oxygen tanks and not staying at the summit very long.
Physiological Effects of Hypoxia
When a lowlander first goes to an altitude above 2,500 metres, the person’s blood oxygen level starts to fall. The immediate responses of the body to hypoxia are not very efficient, and they place additional stress on the body. The main changes are an increase in the breathing rate (hyperventilation) and an elevation of the heart rate. These rates may be as much as double their normal levels, and they may persist at high levels, even during rest. While these changes increase oxygen intake in the short term, they also place more stress on the body. For example, hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis, in which carbon dioxide levels in the blood become too low. The increased heart rate places stress on the cardiovascular system and may be especially dangerous for someone with an underlying heart problem.
The first symptoms of hypoxia the lowlander is likely to notice is becoming tired and out of breath when performing physical tasks. Appetite is also likely to decline, as nonessential body functions are shut down at the expense of maintaining rapid breathing and heart rates. Other symptoms are also likely to develop, such as headache, dizziness, distorted vision, ringing in the ears, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting. These are all symptoms of high altitude sickness.
More serious symptoms may also develop at high altitudes. Fluid collects in the lungs (high altitude pulmonary edema, or HAPE) and in the brain (high altitude cerebral edema, or HACE). HACE may result in permanent brain damage, and both HAPE and HACE can be fatal. The higher the altitude, the greater the likelihood of these serious high altitude disorders occurring, and the greater the risk of death.
Acclimatization to High Altitude
If a lowlander stays at high altitude for several days, the body starts to respond in ways that are less stressful. These responses are the result of acclimatization to high altitude. Additional red blood cells are produced and the tiniest blood vessels, called capillaries, become more numerous in muscle tissues. The lungs also increase slightly in size, as does the right ventricle of the heart, which is the heart chamber that pumps blood to the lungs. All of these changes make the processes of taking in oxygen and transporting it to cells more efficient.
It might occur to you that these changes with acclimatization would improve fitness and performance in athletes, and you would be right. The same changes that help the body cope with high altitude increase fitness and performance at lower altitudes. That’s why athletes often travel to high altitudes to train, and then compete at lower altitudes. Figure 6.6.4 shows Olympic athletes training for long distance running at the Swiss Olympic Training Base in St. Moritz, located in the Swiss Alps.
Full acclimatization to high altitude generally takes several weeks. The higher the altitude, the longer it takes. Even when acclimatization is successful and symptoms of high altitude sickness mostly abate, the lowlander may not be able to attain the same level of physical or mental performance as is possible at lower altitudes. When an altitude acclimatized individual returns to sea level, the changes that occurred at high altitude are no longer needed. The body reverts to the original, pre-high-altitude state in a matter of weeks.
Genetic Adaptations to High Altitude
Well over 100 million people worldwide are estimated to live at altitudes higher than 2,500 metres above sea level. In Table 6.6.1, you can see how these people are distributed in the highest altitude regions around the globe.
Human Populations Residing in High Altitude Regions
Human Populations Residing in High Altitude Regions | |
High Altitude Region | Human Population |
Himalaya-Hindukush-Pamir Ranges, Tibetan Plateau (Asia) | 78,000,000 |
Andes Mountains (South America) | 35,000,000 |
Ethiopian Highlands (Africa) | 13,000,000 |
Rocky Mountains (North America) | 300,000 |
Some Indigenous populations of Tibet, Peru, and Ethiopia have been living above 2,500 metres for hundreds of generations and have evolved genetic adaptations that protect them from high altitude hypoxia. In these populations, natural selection has brought about irreversible, genetically-controlled changes that adapt them to high altitude conditions. As a result, they can live permanently at high altitudes without any, or with only minor, ill effects — even though they are constantly exposed to a level of oxygen that would cause high altitude sickness in most other people. Interestingly, different adaptations evolved in different regions in response to the same stress.
High Altitude Adaptations in Tibetan Highlanders
Highland populations in Tibet, such as the famous Sherpas who serve as Himalaya Mountain guides (see Figure 6.6.5), have lived at high altitudes for only about three thousand years. Their adaptations to high altitude include an increase in the rate of breathing even at rest without alkalosis occurring, and an expansion in the width of the blood vessels (both capillaries and arteries) that carry oxygenated blood to the cells. These changes allow them to carry more oxygen to their muscles and have a higher capacity for exercise at high altitude. Their adaptations to high altitude occurred very rapidly in evolutionary terms and are considered to be the most rapid process of phenotypically observable evolution in humans.
High Altitude Adaptations in Andean Highlanders
Andean highlanders, such as Quechua Native Americans (see Figure 6.6.6), have been living at high altitudes for about 11 thousand years. Their genetic adaptations to high altitude are different than the Tibetan adaptations. They include greater red blood cell volume and increased concentration of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein that is the main component of red blood cells. These changes allow somewhat higher levels of oxygen to circulate in the blood without increasing the rate of breathing. Compared with other long-term residents at high altitudes, Andean highlanders are the least adapted and most likely to experience high altitude sickness.
Figure 6.6.6 Quechua Native Americans in the Peruvian Andes. |
High Altitude Adaptations in Ethiopian Highlanders
The Ethiopian Highlands (Figure 6.6.7) are high enough to have brought about genetic adaptations in long-term residents. Populations of Ethiopian Highlanders have lived above 2,500 metres for at least five thousand years, and above two thousand metres for as long as 70 thousand years. Many Ethiopian Highlanders today live at altitudes greater than 3,000 metres. However, Ethiopian Highland populations do not appear to have evolved the adaptations that characterize either Tibetan highlanders or Andean highlanders. They do not exhibit the hemoglobin changes or vascular changes of these other highland populations, but they do have greater arterial blood oxygen saturation. Research on Ethiopian adaptations to high altitude has just begun and is still very limited, but they appear to have a unique pattern of adaptation.
- At high altitudes, humans face the stress of hypoxia, or a lack of oxygen. Hypoxia occurs at high altitude because there is less oxygen in each breath of air and lower air pressure, which prevents adequate absorption of oxygen from the lungs.
- Initial responses to hypoxia include hyperventilation and elevated heart rate, but these responses are stressful to the body. Continued exposure to high altitude may cause high altitude sickness, with symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and loss of appetite. At higher altitudes, there is greater risk of serious illness.
- After several days at high altitude, acclimatization starts to occur in someone from a lowland population. More red blood cells and capillaries form and other changes occur. Full acclimatization may take several weeks. Returning to low altitude causes a reversal of the changes to the pre-high-altitude state in a matter of weeks.
- Well over 100 million people live at altitudes higher than 2,500 metres above sea level. Some Indigenous populations of Tibet, Peru, and Ethiopia have been living above 2,500 metres for thousands of years and have evolved genetic adaptations to high altitude hypoxia.
- Different high altitude populations have evolved different adaptations to the same hypoxic stress. Tibetan highlanders, for example, have a faster rate of breathing and wider arteries, whereas Peruvian highlanders have larger red blood cells and a greater concentration of the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin.
- Define hypoxia.
- Why does hypoxia occur at high altitudes?
- Describe the body’s immediate response to hypoxia at high altitude.
- What is high altitude sickness, and what are its symptoms?
- What changes occur during acclimatization to high altitude?
- Where would you expect to find populations with genetic adaptations to high altitude?
- Discuss variation in adaptations to high altitude in different high altitude regions.
- Why do you think that adaptations to living at high altitude are different in different regions of the world?
- Using human responses to high altitude as an example, explain the difference between acclimatization and adaptation.
- Why are most humans not well-adapted to living at high altitudes?
- If a person that normally lives at sea level wants to climb a very high mountain, do you think it is better for them to move to higher elevations gradually or more rapidly? Explain your answer.
How People Have Evolved to Live in the Clouds, SciShow, 2019.
The Olympic Altitude Advantage, AsapSCIENCE, 2012.
Alternative Treatment of Altitude Sickness: Manual Medicine | Kelly Riis-Johannessen | TEDxChamonix, TEDx Talks, 2019.
- Quechua Mother and Child by Thomas Quine on Flickr is used under a CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/) license.
- Tags: Local Community Quechua Indians Grandpa [photo] by Basinatura on Pixabay is used under the Pixabay License (https://pixabay.com/fr/service/license/).
- Tags: Peruvian Traditional Costume Cuzco Andes Peru by SoleneC1 on Pixabay is used under the Pixabay License (https://pixabay.com/fr/service/license/).
AsapSCIENCE. (2012, July 5). The Olympic altitude advantage. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmkO8oWyg8Y&feature=youtu.be
Mayo Clinic Staff. (n.d.). High-altitude pulmonary edema [online article]. MayoClinic.org. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/multimedia/img-20097483
SciShow. (2019, May 23). How people have evolved to live in the clouds. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elOn5ZYg5fc&feature=youtu.be
TEDx Talks. (2019, March 27). Alternative treatment of altitude sickness: Manual medicine | Kelly Riis-Johannessen | TEDxChamonix. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIOaYh9Bkds&feature=youtu.be
Wikipedia contributors. (2020, April 13). High-altitude cerebral edema. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-altitude_cerebral_edema&oldid=950658590
A condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
The negative health effect of high altitude, the mildest form being acute mountain sickness (AMS), caused by rapid exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high elevation. Symptoms may include headaches, vomiting, tiredness, trouble sleeping, and dizziness.
The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.
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Faisal I of Iraq facts for kids
Quick facts for kids Faisal Iفيصل الأول |
King of Iraq | |||||
Reign | 23 August 1921 – 8 September 1933 | ||||
Predecessor | Military occupation | ||||
Successor | Ghazi I | ||||
Prime Ministers | |||||
King of Syria | |||||
Reign | 8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920 | ||||
Predecessor | Military occupation | ||||
Successor | Monarchy abolished | ||||
Prime Ministers | |||||
Born | Mecca, Hejaz Vilayet, Ottoman Empire |
20 May 1885||||
Died | 8 September 1933 Bern, Switzerland |
Burial | Royal Mausoleum, Adhamiyah | ||||
Spouse | Huzaima bint Nasser | ||||
House | Hashemite | ||||
Father | Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz | ||||
Mother | Abdiyah bint Abdullah | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Faisal I bin Al-Hussein bin Ali Al-Hashemi (Arabic: فيصل الأول بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was an important Arab leader. He was the King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria in 1920. Later, he became the first King of Iraq from 1921 until his death.
Faisal was the third son of Hussein bin Ali. His father was the Grand Emir and Sharif of Mecca. Faisal belonged to the Hashemite family. This means he was a direct descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
King Faisal wanted to unite different groups in his country. He worked to bring together Sunni and Shiite Muslims. His goal was to create a strong Arab state. This state would include Iraq, Syria, and other nearby lands. He also tried to include different ethnic and religious groups in his government.
- Early Life and Beginnings
- World War I and the Arab Revolt
- After World War I
- King of Syria and Iraq
- Death of King Faisal I
- Family Life
- Faisal in Films
- Images for kids
- See also
Early Life and Beginnings
In 1913, Faisal was chosen as a representative for the city of Jeddah. He served in the Ottoman parliament. This was his first step into politics.
Meeting Arab Secret Societies
In 1914, the Ottoman Empire went to war. Faisal's father sent him to discuss Arab involvement. On his journey, Faisal visited Damascus. There, he met with secret Arab groups. These groups wanted Arab independence. Faisal joined the Al-Fatat group of Arab nationalists.
World War I and the Arab Revolt
Leading the Northern Army
From 1916 to 1918, Faisal led the Northern Army of the Arab Revolt. This revolt fought against the Ottoman Empire. His forces operated in areas that are now Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Syria.
Faisal worked with the Allies during the war. He helped them conquer Greater Syria. His forces also captured Damascus in October 1918. After this victory, Faisal became part of a new Arab government in Damascus.
After World War I
After the war, Faisal became an important voice for Arabs.
Paris Peace Conference
In 1919, Emir Faisal led the Arab group to the Paris Peace Conference. He asked for independent Arab states. These states would be in the areas that the Ottoman Empire used to control. He had support from Gertrude Bell, a British expert.
The Idea of Greater Syria
British and Arab forces took Damascus in October 1918. Faisal then helped set up an Arab government in Greater Syria. This government was under British protection. In 1919, elections were held for the Syrian National Congress.
On January 4, 1919, Faisal signed an agreement with Dr. Chaim Weizmann. Weizmann was the head of the World Zionist Organization. This agreement was for Arab-Jewish cooperation. Faisal agreed to the Balfour Declaration. This declaration promised British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Faisal hoped that Zionist influence would help prevent France from taking over Syria. However, this partnership did not work out. Faisal could not get much support from Arab leaders for a Jewish homeland.
King of Syria and Iraq
On March 7, 1920, Faisal was declared King of the Arab Kingdom of Syria. This was done by the Syrian National Congress.
Expelled from Syria
In April 1920, France was given control over Syria. This led to the Franco-Syrian War. In the Battle of Maysalun on July 24, 1920, the French won. Faisal was then forced to leave Syria.
Becoming King of Iraq
In March 1921, British officials met at the Cairo Conference. They decided Faisal would be a good choice to rule the new British Mandate of Iraq. This was because he seemed willing to work with powerful nations.
At first, many people in Iraq did not know Faisal. With help from British officials like Gertrude Bell, he gained support. He campaigned among the Arabs of Iraq. A vote was held, and 96% of people supported him.
On August 23, 1921, Faisal became the first King of Iraq. Iraq was a new country. It was formed from three former Ottoman provinces: Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra. At that time, there was no strong sense of Iraqi national identity.
Faisal's Goals as King
As King, Faisal wanted to promote pan-Arab nationalism. This idea aimed to unite Arab countries. He hoped to bring Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine under his rule. This would make the Sunni Arabs the majority in his kingdom.
Faisal also wanted to improve education in Iraq. He hired doctors and teachers for the government. He brought in Sati' al-Husri, a former Minister of Education from Damascus. This led to some local people feeling upset about the number of Syrians in Iraq.
Faisal was a fair leader. He said he was a friend to the Shiite, Kurdish, and Jewish communities. He tried to stop his ministers from firing Jewish Iraqis from government jobs. However, his focus on pan-Arabism sometimes caused problems. It made Kurds feel like they did not belong in an Arab-dominated Iraq.
He also worked to develop roads from Baghdad to Damascus and Amman. This helped Iraq's economy. It also increased interest in the Mosul oilfield. Faisal planned to build an oil pipeline to the Mediterranean Sea.
Building the Iraqi Army
King Faisal worked hard to build a strong Iraqi army. He tried to make military service required for everyone. This plan did not succeed. Some people believe this was part of his larger goal to unite Arab lands.
Relations with Syria and Palestine
During the Great Syrian Revolt against French rule, Faisal was careful. He did not strongly support the rebels. This was partly due to British pressure. Also, he thought the French might let a Hashemite ruler govern Syria again. The French did talk to Faisal about Syria. But they were just trying to stop him from helping the rebels.
In 1929, there were conflicts in Jerusalem between Arabs and Jews. Faisal supported the Arab side. He asked the British to limit Jewish immigration and land purchases in Palestine. He suggested that Palestine become independent and join a federation. This federation would be led by his brother, Emir Abdullah of Trans-Jordan.
Faisal saw the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930 as a problem. This treaty gave Iraq some independence. But it also kept Syria and Iraq separate. This went against his goal of Arab unity. Even so, many Arab nationalists in Iraq liked the treaty. They saw it as progress for their country.
In 1932, the British mandate over Iraq ended. Faisal was very important in making Iraq an independent country. On October 3, the Kingdom of Iraq joined the League of Nations.
In August 1933, there were tensions between the United Kingdom and Iraq. This was due to incidents like the Simele massacre. British officials asked Faisal to stay in Baghdad to deal with the situation. Faisal assured them that things were calm.
Just before his death in July 1933, Faisal visited London. He expressed his worries about the situation of Arabs. He was concerned about the conflict with Jews and increased Jewish immigration to Palestine. He asked the British to limit Jewish immigration and land purchases.
Death of King Faisal I
A square in Baghdad is named after him. It has a statue of him on horseback. The statue was taken down after the monarchy was overthrown in 1958. But it was later put back up.
Faisal was married to Huzaima bint Nasser. They had one son and three daughters:
- Princess Azza bint Faisal.
- Princess Rajiha bint Faisal.
- Princess Raifia bint Faisal.
- Ghazi, King of Iraq, born in 1912. He married his cousin, Princess Aliya bint Ali.
Faisal in Films
Faisal has been shown in movies several times:
- In Lawrence of Arabia (1962), played by Alec Guinness.
- In A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia (1990), played by Alexander Siddig.
- In Queen of the Desert (2015), played by Younes Bouab.
- In The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Chapter 19 The Winds of Change (1995), played by Anthony Zaki.
Images for kids
In Spanish: Fáysal I de Irak para niños
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Typically, pizza is prepared with flour, yeast, olive oil, sugar, salt, sauce, cheese, etc. With this changeable time pizza has turned into several varieties. But, the basic elements are always needed to make pizza.
Hey, pizza lover. Are you worried and interested to know what are the ingredients in pizza? If you are certainly interested to know about the ingredients and facts of pizza. You won’t need to do anything else without skimming our post entirely.
How Many Ingredients Are in a Pizza?
The main and basic are four. In just a few words we can say dough, sauce, cheese, and toppings are the main character of a pizza.
While making a pizza these four are the most crucial characteristics. Without one of these, you can’t make traditional pizza.
Which Ingredients Are Used For Pizza?
Flour, yeast, salt, olive oil, meats, mushrooms, vegetables, cheese, etc are used in pizza. These are the basic ingredients of traditional pizzas.
Anyhow, pizza has many varieties now. Because different people have different needs. All pizza is made by their customer’s choice. Like vegans, vegetarians, non-vegetarians, etc.
So What Are The Ingredients in Pizza Dough?
Commonly, pizza dough is made with flour, yeast, salt, water, sugar, and olive oil. But, people sometimes make pizza in their way. Like something they don’t use yeast, and sometimes they don’t use sugar or anything else. Also, sometimes they use all types of flour.
What is The Most Important Ingredient in Pizza?
We all have knowledge that dough is the extremely fundamental ingredient in pizza. Because we can make pizza without sauce or cheese. Nevertheless, we can’t skip the dough. The dough is the main factor of a pizza.
A pizza can’t be built without dough. The first step won’t be possible without dough let alone the whole recipe.
What ingredients go on a pizza first?
The first ingredient of pizza is flour. Flour is the most crucial faction of a pizza. Sometimes people add all types of flour for making better dough.
You can ignore flour while making pizza. Sometimes you can skip cheese or sauce. But, skipping flour is unimaginable.
What is the main ingredient in pizza dough?
Flour is the main character of pizza dough.
Making a pizza without flour is unthinkable.
For making a pizza firstly we need dough and we need flour to make this dough.
Finally, remember that a pizza can’t be imagined without flour.
Veg pizza ingredients
Flour, salt, yeast, sugar, olive oil, cheese, mushrooms, vegetables, etc are the ingredients of a veg pizza.
Veg pizza is specially prepared for those who don’t like to eat animal meat.
So, vegetables are the main toppings of veg pizza. Some people don’t eat animal meat because of their religious purpose and some people don’t eat animal meat because they love animals.
Homemade pizza ingredients
Flour, yeast, salt, olive oil, sugar, water, meats, cheese, vegetables, pizza sauce, etc.
Homemade pizza ingredients are the same as the restaurant’s ingredients. Yet, at home sometimes we don’t follow the strict rules to make pizza like in restaurants.
Everyone isn’t proficient in making traditional pizza. So, they use easy ways to make pizzas.
Dominos pizza ingredients
They make dough with flour, yeast, soybean oil, water, salt, and sugar.
They make pizza sauce with tomato paste, water, sugar, garlic, soybean oil, and citric acid.
They make cheese with milk, salt, non-fat milk, etc.
They make toppings with meats, mushrooms, vegetables, etc that their customers want.
Pepperoni pizza ingredients
Dough, sauce, cheese, and pepperoni are the main ingredients of pepperoni pizza.
This pizza is delicious. Americans like to eat this pizza.
But, many people also don’t like to eat this pizza. Because everyone has different choices.
Pizza Ingredients List Toppings
Pizza made with many toppings. I researched these all and made a short list of them. So that, people can get knowledge from this list.
- Bell peppers
These are just a short list of pizza toppings. But, in this modern world of pizzas, varieties are changing and increasing day by day. People are making pizzas for their food choices.
Hawaiian Pizza Ingredients
Classic Hawaiian pizza made with pizza sauce, ham, and pineapple
Hawaiian pizzas are familiar around the world.
Some people don’t like it. But, some love to eat it. For many years the world has been fighting for Hawaiian pizza.
Some researchers also proved that Hawaiian pizzas are incredibly dangerous for our health.
Hawaiian pizza lovers are fighting to eat it. They don’t try to understand that Hawaiian pizza isn’t good for their health.
Pizza Sauce Ingredients
Tomato paste, garlic, chili flakes, ginger, basil, water, salt, and sugar are needed for making pizza sauce.
By mixing these elements homemade pizza sauces are made. A canned sauce contains many chemicals. So, you should skip that. The canned sauce isn’t as good as a homemade sauce. Additionally, homemade products are always hygienic and safe.
Pizza sauce is a very important element of pizza after dough. Because we always need to use pizza sauce. Pizza sauce provides the pizza with a traditional surface.
What Happens if I Don’t Use Yeast in Pizza?
Yeast is a crucial fraction of pizza. If you don’t use it, your pizza won’t rise.
Further, it won’t be crispy and taste like a delicious pizza.
Nevertheless, sometimes if you don’t have yeast, you can skip it. But, remember that without yeast your pizza won’t provide you with the perfect taste of pizza.
If you want the original taste of pizza you should add yeast. Yeast won’t just give your pizza a taste. It gives a crispy and risen surface to your crust. The restaurant never skipped this.
I think now you gain proficiency about what are the ingredients in pizza.
I hope your curious mind has gotten the answers that it wanted. I tried my best to provide you with answers.
Finally, we can say that flour, yeast, salt, sugar, cheese, vegetables, mushrooms, meats, etc are required for making a pizza.
By adding the most crucial four parts pizza is invented. These are dough, pizza sauce, cheese, and toppings.
Jennifer D. Simon has spent the last 26 years studying and practicing nutrition science. She has used a larger part of this time in improving people’s livelihoods. She has done so by coming up with unquestionable ideas on how to tackle food problems in her community. Read More
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Being a citizen of the United States, of Iowa and of the school district community entitles students to special privileges and protections as well as requiring the students to assume civic, economic and social responsibilities and to participate in their country, state and school district community in a manner that entitles them to keep these rights and privileges.
As part of the education program, students will have an opportunity to learn about their rights, privileges, and responsibilities as citizens of this country, state and school district community. As part of this learning opportunity students are instructed in the elements of good citizenship and the role quality citizens play in their country, state and school district community.
Approved: 11/28/2022. Reviewed: 11/28/2022 Revised: 11/28/2022
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Wildfire Smoke Causes Historic Air Pollution In Northern Nevada
Record-breaking wildfires in California, Oregon and Washington are still raging, a month after they were ignited by dry lightning storms across the West.
In California alone, more than 3 million acres have burned and thousands of residents have been displaced.
So far, Nevada has been relatively lucky – we haven’t had the same amount of catastrophic fires. But in Washoe, Douglas, Lyon and Storey Counties, all those fires have choked the sky with smoke for the last month.
“If you’re outside for quite a bit of time you’ll definitely start to feel it in your lungs, maybe your eyes will start to get irritated, and at times, if you’re being really active outside, you’ll start coughing,” said Brendan Schnieder, an air quality specialist with Washoe County Health District Air Quality Management Division.
Schnieder said the county has four levels of air quality, and for the first time, the county issued a Level 2 alert for air quality.
“In that range, everyone in the population can be affected,” he said.
They also hit a record high for Air Quality Index for fine particulates, which is the air pollution in wildfire smoke.
Schools in the area actually had to close because of the smoke.
“All children are considered a sensitive group in terms of air quality," Schnieder said, "As soon as the air pollution hits the unhealthy or sensitive groups category, all children, older adults can be affected.”
Schnieder also pointed out that Washoe County schools are trying to bring more fresh air into the classrooms because of the coronavirus pandemic but that was just not possible when the air outside wasn't healthy.
Wildfire smoke causes all kinds of public health problems, especially for people who already have respiratory illnesses.
“We’ll definitely see an increase in people going to the hospital with lung problems like asthma and COPD, but it can cause far more serious complications like heart attacks and even premature death,” Schnieder said.
Danilo Dragoni is the bureau chief for the Nevada Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Air Quality Planning. He said the smoke can move hundreds of miles.
“Right now, our monitors show that this smoke from California wildfires is reaching the eastern side Nevada and even further than that in Utah and Idaho,” he said.
Dragoni said people should avoid outdoor activities - if possible, because any outdoor activity will put people at risk for respiratory illnesses.
It is not just the smoke itself that causes problems, but it mixes with other chemicals in the air, which are heated up by the summer sun to create ozone, a potentially dangerous air pollutant.
“We’ve seen in just new research published this summer that ambulance dispatches spike after just short term, an hour or less, exposure to air pollutant,” said Vijay Limaye, a staff scientist for the Natural Resources Defense Council.
Limaye said climate change is fueling the wildfires and the extreme heat. Those are combining to put people's health at risk.
“It’s clear that the climate crisis is driving unprecedented fire risk across the region. That’s because we’re seeing early snowmelt, unprecedented searing heat and long-lasting drought all of those factors are combining,” he said.
When meeting with California leaders about the wildfires this week, President Donald Trump said more research needed to be done to see if climate change was behind the historic wildfire season and he said: "I don't think science knows," when talking about whether it was getting hotter.
Limaye called the president's remarks "flat wrong," noting that he had been studying climate change for 10 years. He said it is time to act aggressively to counter the impacts of climate change.
“Unfortunately, based on the trend lines, it does seem like Americans are going to be contending with historic wildfires threats in summers to come and the air pollution problems that come along with those fires,” he said.
The air pollution caused by the fires is having a tremendous impact on the health of people around the West, Limaye said, and that costs people money.
“The work that we’ve been doing shows that Americans right now are spending billions upon billions of dollars each year to deal with the health problems triggered by wildfire smoke,” he said.
Those pollution impacts are being felt even more dramatically in low-income and communities of color, Limaye said.
He would like to see a coordinated, multi-faceted, federally-led plan to address climate change and its impacts.
“It is clear to me that the climate crisis is a people problem,” he said, “It is time that we demand that people’s health be prioritized by our government, and it’s response to this crisis.”
Limaye wants to see decisions made about a variety issues from housing to air quality to be based on science with an eye to their climate impacts.
“We’re seeing the warning signals, front and center, everywhere we look around this country and it’s time for leadership.”
Brendan Schnieder, Air Quality Specialist, Washoe County Health District Air Quality Management Division; Vijay Limaye, Staff Scientist, Natural Resources Defense Council; Danilo Dragoni, Bureau Chief, Nevada Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Air Quality Planning
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<urn:uuid:b7a045bf-2a43-44ba-a9b5-329fb31e8301>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://knpr.org/show/knprs-state-of-nevada/2020-09-17/wildfire-smoke-causes-historic-air-pollution-in-northern-nevada
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2025-06-24T20:11:13Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96511
| 1,153
| 3.09375
| 3
|
This is an excerpt from “School Renewal, A Spiritual Journey for Change” by Torin Finser.
Understanding the importance of framing issues can lead us to the best ways to reach decisions in a group setting.
A decision is a form of free human action. When a human being actively searches out and grasps a concept or intuition thereby bringing it to full consciousness, a self-sustaining decision can arise.
Individuals, not groups, make decisions.
Where do decisions come from? For me at least they have a mysterious quality. It is hard to determine what is really happening in the moment in which an individual makes a decision.
There were certainly important element of preparation, but the second in which one realizes a decision there’s a magical element at work. There’s an intuitive quality to the act, and intuition is connected to the will, the motivational aspect of our constitution. It is as if we were to dive into the lake of decision and really know what we have come to only a split second after we emerge on the surface.
Decisions are bigger, more encompassing than we realize, and our consciousness grasps just a portion of what we what was really at work in the act of deciding. Each person in the group go through a slightly different process; usually, one person surfaces with the decision, and others in the group recognize the validity of the decision and affirm it.
Much confusion occurs in schools and groups that do not understand the nature of decision-making. Blame, hurt, isolation, and social pressure can result from the inability to perceive what is truly at play when decisions are at hand. Experience at first on a personal level, the teacher or parent may gradually lose trust in the group, and the community suffers.
One of the great myths that surrounds decision-making in many Waldorf schools is that consensus is the only way to work and that the inner circle has a lock on all things spiritual. This becomes a lethal combination that can create self-enclosed groups that have the aura of esotericism, thus becoming unapproachable, mysterious, and seemingly superior.
The difficulty arises when the surrounding community observes the quality of decision-making and realizes that those participating in the inner circle are less than divine. Often a crisis in confidence ensues, with much painful learning on all sides. Those parents and teachers who have been through a few of these crises become wiser, learn to work together over time, and see that it is best to enlist the striving intentions of all adults who wish to serve the best interest of their children.
As we have seen, there are also casualties along the way. Teachers grow tired of endless meetings and withdraw to their own classrooms. Parents get fed up with the general dysfunction experienced in decision-making and communication and either leave, or just opt to support their child’s class and not participate actively in all school events. Either way, the school loses vital human resources.
I suggest that a school seeking renewal spend time looking at the nature of decision-making and find ways to differentiate between the types of decisions needed in various situations. For example, one might look at the following possibilities:
Unilateral decisions are the ones needed when there is an emergency, when there is little time to gather a group, and when the task at hand is clear and universally recognized.
Majority decisions can be helpful when a procedural issue needs to be resolved and the group is unwilling to spend the time on a minor issue, such as the starting time of an open house. Some may want it to begin at 1 PM on Sunday and others later in the afternoon. Either way, the event could work well, and a simple majority can make the decision so the more important planning can be done. In the end, it is better for the school that the decision is made rather than waiting to the last moment and leaving too many people mystified or confused. A majority vote also might be taken when the group has spent enough time on an issue and some wish to give over the decision making to a mandate group.
Mandated decisions are those that are entrusted to a smaller group that will act on behalf of the whole. It is important that the whole group knows what the mandate is ahead of time and that the assigned group is trusted to do the required job.
Consensus decisions can bring a collection of individual decisions to a place of mutual recognition. This can be an exhilarating moment in a group; there is a sense of unity that is precious and sometimes fleeting but well worth the effort with the right group. I have found that consensus as a way of decision-making works best in the following context:
- The group has a stable membership.
- The group meets regularly, that is once a week.
- The rhythm of meetings exercises more influence than most realize. The weekly rhythm works well with a highly conscious approach and is needed to support the interconnections necessary for consensus decision making. The weekly meeting cycle thus works more with that part of us that returns to full consciousness over time, whereas monthly meetings are more connected to the cycles of the life forces that work in and around people participating.
- The group is not too large. I prefer groups of 5 to 12 but I have experienced groups as large as 18 to 24 that in certain circumstances achieve real consensus.
- The members of the group are committed to the long-term development of the school or institution.
- The members of the group share a common spiritual striving.
This description of consensus from M Scott Peck describes the delicate nuances involved:
Consensus is a group decision (which some members may not feel is the best decision, but which they can all live with, support, and commit themselves not to undermine), arrived at without voting, through a process whereby the issues are fully aired, all members feel they have been adequately heard, in which everyone has equal power and responsibility, and different degrees of influence by virtue of individual stubbornness or charisma are avoided so that all are satisfied with the process. The process requires the members to be emotionally present and engaged; frank in a loving, mutually respectful manner; sensitive to each other; to be selfless, dispassionate, and capable of emptying themselves, and possessing a paradoxical awareness of the precociousness of both people and time including knowing when the solution is satisfactory, and that it is time to stop and not reopen the discussion until such time as a group determines the need for revision.
One way to foster renewal in schools is to practice honesty with regard to intentions. Do we intend to be a group of the type described here? If we are, then are we willing to put in the work required? If not, can we find alternatives to consensus that we can live with?
It annoys me when these questions are not addressed and a kind of hypocrisy creeps in. We pretend to work with consensus studiously avoid the fact that we are not working out of a shared philosophical basis. “We are all entitled to our own spiritual practices, after all.“ Likewise, our commitment to the group changes, depending on personal needs and interests. So I attend some meetings but not others, hoping to express my opinions regardless. Schools then wonder why they are not successful, why salaries are low, and why education is not respected in the community. In my view, it is better to have an enlightened leader and than dishonest group processes.
One phenomenon in most schools is that even if one group in the school can say yes to the cited criteria, other groups, by definition, cannot. Most parents groups, for instance, will not be able to meet as regularly as the teachers, limit the size of the group, make the same commitment, and achieve such commonality in terms of spiritual striving. Yet schools need active parents. A central question then becomes: can we be flexible enough as human beings to adapt our membership skills and leadership styles to the needs of the group? In other words, can we let go of ideals that cannot be met by the reality of situations? To answer the needs of the group with flexibility becomes a matter of collaborative leadership. Let me point out here that mixed groups, that is, groups of parents and teachers and other combinations, provide a resource that is far from realized in most schools.
A final thought on the misuse of consensus: there are times when the attempt at consensus, however well-intentioned, can have serious side effects that often go unnoticed at the time but have long-term repercussions for the health of the school. Because it is often socially unacceptable, or personally repugnant to block a decision, the effect can be to silence an individual’s misgivings or drive them out of the meeting into less productive channels of communication. In the worst cases, this kind of individual silencing leads to a kind of repression of true feelings and the expression of opposing thought. As we saw in Sarah’s story, (editor’s note: Sarah’s story is told earlier in the book) a teacher who has felt the social pressure to conform can leave a meeting with knots in the stomach and much to unburden at home. Over time, personal health can suffer, and the home fabric can become frayed. What is not tended to at school is often transferred to the home, eroding preparation and, over time, marriage and family joy.
Some groups pretend to work by consensus when, in fact they use alternatives that are thinly disguised. Here are a few examples:
Majority rule. When we see where most people stand on a particular issue we can force the decision through using the adjournment time or any other rationale to make the minority acquiesce. Often those in the majority do not even know that there was a sizable minority view, and the insights of the few were not able to improve upon the will of the majority.
Unilateral decisions based on the unspoken hierarchy. This way of working takes the form of having a discussion until one or two particular persons speak up, at which time the different perspectives that were in the room suddenly become one. The fact is that some people carry more influence than others. To have influence is not necessarily a bad thing, but when it is obscured under the guise of consensus, it is a real social injustice. It would be far better to say: “we will have a discussion on this topic until our senior colleague or faculty chair feels he or she has enough information to make a decision on behalf of all of us.”
Decisions that are made by groups that are not mandated outside the context of the regular meetings. This is the form that most infuriates me. There is a general meeting with general discussions on a topic. There's no closure or indication at the end of the meeting about what will happen next, but in the intervening week a decision appears. It remains unspoken that a small group met, without the sanction of the whole, and made a decision. If the decision is questioned at the next meeting, the response of that small group will be: you are not being supportive of your colleagues. Who wants not to be supportive? In this way, the issue is twisted instead of being rightly viewed as a gross violation of group process; it is contorted into an issue of support. Many conclude after a few such experiences that it is best not to rock the boat – let others handle those administrative matters they say, I’ll just focus on my teaching.
Thus periodic review of how everyone is doing can redress and balance what is not well. I have found that groups in the school need to hold each other accountable, with minutes that are freely circulated. It is best to write down clearly who was in attendance, what the issues were, which decisions were made and how, and which items were slated for action, along with specific names of the people who are meant to follow through. At the next meeting there must be a review of the decisions, with the expectation of a high standard of performance. To say that there is not enough time is not a valid excuse if tasks or neglected repeatedly. Setting priorities on a monthly basis can be helpful, so that the group is making decisions out of the larger picture. With regular care and tending, a school can adopt the forms of decision-making that respect the reality of the groups within the community.
Torin is chair of the Education Department at Antioch University in Keen NH, Director of the Center for Anthroposophy and General Secretary of the Anthroposophical Society of America. Torin was a Waldorf student, a Waldorf teacher, teacher trainer and is author of numerous books relating to Waldorf education and Organizational Development, including
“School as Journey,”
“In Search of Ethical Leadership,”
All can be found in our resource/bookstore section.
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://leadtogether.org/affirming-decisions/
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2025-06-24T20:36:37Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96983
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Stressed, cranky, forgetful, slower reaction times, trouble concentrating, lower energy levels, exhausted?
The bottom line is if you don’t sleep well, the long term effects will be to decay your mind and your body:
- High blood pressure
- Heart attack
- Psychiatric problems, including depression and other mood disorders
- Disruption of bed partner’s sleep quality
- Poor quality of life
The right amount of sleep is as important as healthy food, exercise, and breathing if you want optimal health. All these factors must be kept in balance – too much or too little of any of them can lead to ill-health.
How much sleep do you need? I suggest 8 or more hours, but fine-tuned to your personal needs.
How to improve your sleep?
- Craniosacal therapy and Reflexology, because they help to calm and relax the body by regulating the autonomic nervous system – the part of the body responsible for our ability to rest and respond to stress.
- Avoid watching TV or using your computer at least an hour before going to bed.
- Sleep in complete darkness, or as close to it as possible.
- Take a hot bath before bedtime.
- Magnesium can improve your sleep. Good food sources for magnesium are: green leafy vegetables, avocado,almonds, pumpkin seeds, sunflower and sesame seeds.
1 minute health tip: Sleep well and sleep naturally. Sleeping pills come with significant health risks and side effects.
If you’re experiencing difficulty in falling asleep or having disturbed sleep, and want long-term results, why not consider Craniosacral therapy or Reflexology? They’re both easy, efficient and effective.
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<urn:uuid:6dfb5037-52c5-4ad2-a855-10be20a4c249>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://lifetimehealth.co.za/how-do-you-look-and-feel-when-you-dont-sleep-well/
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2025-06-24T19:34:43Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.925831
| 360
| 2.703125
| 3
|
Born in 1751, Madison was raised in Orange County, Virginia, and attended Princeton (then called the College of New Jersey). A dedicated student of history and government, well-versed in law, he played a key role in the framing of the Virginia Constitution in 1776, served in the Continental Congress, and was a leader in the Virginia Assembly.
At 36 years old, Madison took an active and influential part in the debates during the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. His major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution came through his collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay on the Federalist essays. Despite being referred to later as the "Father of the Constitution," Madison humbly insisted that it was the collective work of many minds and hands.
In Congress, Madison was instrumental in the creation of the Bill of Rights and the enactment of the first revenue legislation. His leadership in opposing Hamilton's financial proposals, which he believed would disproportionately benefit northern financiers, led to the development of the Republican, or Jeffersonian, Party.
As President Jefferson's Secretary of State, Madison strongly objected to France and Britain seizing American ships, a violation of international law. However, as John Randolph pointedly remarked, these protests had the effect of "a shilling pamphlet hurled against eight hundred ships of war."
Despite the unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, which failed to change the behavior of the warring nations and caused a depression in the United States, Madison was elected President in 1808. Before he took office, the Embargo Act was repealed.
In the early years of his Administration, the United States prohibited trade with both Britain and France. In May 1810, Congress authorized trade with both, with a directive that the President should forbid trade with any nation that did not respect American neutral rights. Napoleon pretended to comply, leading Madison to proclaim non-intercourse with Great Britain. Meanwhile, in Congress, a group of young leaders, including Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun—the "War Hawks"—pressed for a more aggressive policy.
The continued British impressment of American seamen and seizure of cargoes led Madison to ask Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812.
However, the young nation was not prepared for war; its forces suffered greatly. The British entered Washington and set fire to the White House and the Capitol. Yet, a few notable naval and military victories, including General Andrew Jackson's triumph at New Orleans, convinced Americans that the War of 1812 had been a glorious success, resulting in a surge of nationalism. The New England Federalists, who had opposed the war and even talked of secession, were thoroughly repudiated, leading to the decline of Federalism as a national party.
In retirement at Montpelier, his estate in Orange County, Virginia, Madison voiced strong opposition to the divisive states' rights influences that, by the 1830s, threatened to tear apart the Federal Union. In a note opened after his death in 1836, he wrote:
"The advice nearest to my heart and deepest in my convictions is that the Union of the States be cherished and perpetuated."
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<urn:uuid:2dde8cab-332f-4f40-827b-27562832db3b>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://madison.sandiegounified.org/cms/One.aspx?portalId=27926066&pageId=29764733
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2025-06-24T19:37:15Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976195
| 633
| 3.859375
| 4
|
Dr. Daniel Moore, from the University of Kentucky College of Medicine’s Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, recently conducted a study looking at the frequency and use of racial and ethnic data in ophthalmology literature published throughout 2019. He wrote an article outlining his findings which was published in The Journal of the American Medical Association: Ophthalmology.
Moore says the description of racial and ethnic data in human trials is relatively unregulated which can lead to confusion and inconsistent reporting. In the article, he writes, “The use of race and ethnicity in the medical literature is historically and currently controversial, with a still unresolved debate over the biological nature of these constructs.” Moore goes on to explain that many groups, including the National Institute of Health (NIH), consider the classifications as sociopolitical. Despite that, he believes there is still great importance in reporting race and ethnicity because of the documented inequities in health care based on those variables.
In his study, Moore looked at whether race or ethnicity was included in the data or analysis, how the categorization was described in the methods and results, specific racial and ethnic categories used, and whether and how the categories were determined. A total of 547 articles were looked at for the study; 484 (88%) of those articles reported background demographic information, including patient age and sex. Meanwhile, only 233 (43%) reported race and/or ethnicity. He also reported that very few studies explained how race and/or ethnicity were determined and the categories presented varied and were often inconsistent.
Moore says the findings suggest there is a need for increased and more standardized reporting of ethnic and racial demographic data in the ophthalmology literature.
“While most articles during the study period reported background demographic information, few included race and ethnicity and only a fraction of those described how the data were determined," he said. "The categories used were heterogeneous and often inconsistent.”
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<urn:uuid:42ca6d2f-c958-4496-aefb-9b55142e668d>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://medicine.uky.edu/news/uk-ophthalmologist-writes-article-highlighting-2022-06-01t08-44-21
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2025-06-24T20:06:51Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.980182
| 391
| 2.625
| 3
|
The move to cage-free egg production in the US and Europe created a seismic change in hen breeding programs.
Besides traditional performance factors such as feed-conversion ratios, breeders now must consider traits that help hens withstand the rigors of living in large, complex aviary systems with thousands of other birds.
“To be successful in cage-free housing systems, hens must know how to get along with their fellow flock members…and take better care of themselves compared to hens in conventional cage systems,” reported Teun van de Braak, global technical service manager, Hendrix Genetics, The Netherlands.
“This requires a hen that is robust,” he continued. “Hens that can thrive in cage-free housing are considered top athletes, as the egg industry still expects them to produce an egg a day.”
Van de Braak discussed breeding-program changes for cage-free production in a presentation at the 2023 Poultry Science Association conference.
Livability most important trait
A change in breeding programs requires 3 years to make it to the field. “So, it’s important we focus on a balanced breeding approach and not focus on just one trait,” van de Braak said.
Affordable animal protein is the end goal and requires a suite of traits, including some that must still be discovered. But among the traits that are known, livability is the most important.
“Our philosophy is if you can keep your birds longer and longer, that will benefit the entire egg industry,” he explained. “Nobody wants to see a dead chicken. It’s a chicken which people have invested in and you don’t get money out of it. So, livability is key trait No. 1.”
Behavior top cause of death
The next most important trait is behavior, which he said is the leading cause of mortality.
“I’m from Europe and we have a lot of chickens with intact beaks [that can act as weapons],” he continued. “We want to select and identify those animals that kill others.” Cannibalistic families need to be removed from the breeding program.
Proper rearing for young birds also influences behavior. This training should take place in a cage-free system, not in cages.
“The rearing period is absolutely key, especially in laying-hen and in cage-free farming,” van de Braak said. “We only have 16, 17 weeks to prepare hens for the 80-week period afterwards.
“Rearing is seen as a cost,” he added. “But please start to think of it as an investment because the better the rearing, the better the results will be in the production phase as well…I’ve seen an egg a day. It’s there, but not for all the laying hens yet.”
Ironically, hens reared in cages do not perform well in cage-free production systems while hens reared in cage-free systems do perform well in cages, he added.
Select for non-molting
“We set as our philosophy a non-molting laying hen,” van de Braak said. “That’s what we focus on.
“There are different perceptions around molting,” he added. “But overall, we say molting is not, per se, to the benefit of the welfare and health of the laying hen. You can see the big numbers of mortality that go along with it.”
Another trait breeders select for is a flatter egg-weight profile. “We’ve heard a lot about flattening the egg-size curve during the past years,” van de Braak said. “The flatter the curve, the better the quality of the egg.”
A flat curve also is good for the hen. “It’s less pressure on the hen itself…and we need to take care that the hen is capable of longer cycles.”
Breeders also look at feather quality. “The better the feathering, the better the livability. But we need to measure this under field conditions,” he explained.
Research at large aviary systems
While breeders still conduct poultry research in small-group housing, new research facilities including one in Bern, Germany, offer aviary housing systems for testing. Van de Braak has conducted research on cage-free traits in one of these facilities.
The birds in the cage-free environment are equipped with sensors for tracking data needed for research.
“This will be part of the future of laying-hen breeding,” van de Braak said. “It is still very complex. To put a sensor on a dairy cow is so much easier than putting a sensor on a chicken in a large group. And we’re talking about 10,000, 20,000 birds.”
Other new cage-free research facilities in Europe are available as well. Van de Braak is optimistic the poultry industry will be able to provide the best environment in the future for egg production.
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<urn:uuid:9f6987a9-ff7d-418e-9190-9a33d8c17878>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://modernpoultry.media/layer-specialist-hens-bred-for-cage-free-housing-must-be-top-athletes/
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2025-06-24T19:12:31Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.951656
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| 2.734375
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|
The use of acoustic collars for studying landscape effects on animal behavior
Lynch, Emma, author
Angeloni, Lisa, advisor
Wittemyer, George, advisor
Crooks, Kevin, committee member
Fristrup, Kurt, committee member
Audio recordings made from free-ranging animals can be used to investigate aspects of physiology, behavior, and ecology through acoustic signal processing. On-animal acoustical monitoring applications allow continuous remote data collection, and can serve to address questions across temporal and spatial scales. We report on the design of an inexpensive collar-mounted recording device and present data on the activity budget of wild mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) derived from these devices, which were applied for a two-week period. Over 3,300 hours of acoustical recordings were collected from 10 deer on their winter range in a natural gas extraction field in northwestern Colorado. Results demonstrated that acoustical monitoring is a viable and accurate method for characterizing individual time budgets and behaviors of ungulates. This acoustical monitoring technique also provides a new approach to investigate the ways external forces affect wildlife behavior. One particularly salient activity revealed by our acoustical monitoring was periodic pausing by mule deer within bouts of mastication, which appear to be adopted for listening for environmental cues of interest. While visual forms of vigilance, such as scanning or alert behavior, have been well documented across a wide range of animal taxa, animals also employ other vigilance modalities such as auditory vigilance, by listening for the acoustic cues of predators. To better understand the ecological properties that structure this behavior, we examined how natural and anthropogenic landscape variables influenced the amount of time that mule deer paused during mastication bouts. We found that deer paused more where concealment cover abounded, and where visual vigilance was likely to be less effective. Additionally, deer paused more often at night than they did during the day, and in areas of moderate background sound levels. Our results support the idea that pauses during mastication represent a form auditory vigilance that is responsive to landscape variables. Furthermore, these results suggest that exploring this behavior is critical to understanding an animal's perception of risk and the costs associated with vigilance behavior.
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<urn:uuid:9941c794-27dc-4c1f-ac07-16ad29488208>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://mountainscholar.org/items/d74a6401-2544-44e9-9502-0b84ddf2ab8e
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2025-06-24T19:19:25Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937004
| 449
| 2.609375
| 3
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Mens Sana Monogr. 2004 Jan-Oct; 2(1): 21–33.
Suicide is amongst the top ten causes of death for all age groups in most countries of the world. It is the second most important cause of death in the younger age group (15-19 yrs.) , second only to vehicular accidents.Attempted suicides are ten times the successful suicide figures, and 1-2% attempted suicides become successful suicides every year. Male sex, widowhood, single or divorced marital status, addiction to alcohol ordrugs, concomitant chronic physical or mental illness, past suicidal attempt, adverse life events, staying in lodging homes or staying alone,or in areas with a changing population, all these conditions predispose people to suicides. The key factor probably is social isolation. An important WHO Study established that out of a total of 6003 suicides,98% had a psychiatric disorder. Hence mental health professionals havean important role to play in the prevention and management of suicide.Moreover, social disintegration also increases suicides, as was witnessed in the Baltic States following collapse of the Soviet Union. Hence, reducing social isolation, preventing social disintegration and treating mental disorders is the three pronged attack that must be the crux of any public health programme to reduce/prevent suicide. This requires an integrated effort on the part of mental health professionals (including crisis intervention and medication/psychotherapy), governmental measures to tackle poverty and unemployment, and social attempts toreorient value systems and prevent sudden disintegration of norms and mores. Suicide prevention and control is thus a movement which involves the state, professionals, NGOs, volunteers and an enlightened public.Further, the Global Burden of Diseases Study has projected a rise of more than 50% in mental disorders by the year 2020 (from 9.7% in 1990to 15% in 2020). And one third of this rise will be due to Major Depression. One of the prominent causes of preventable mortality issuicidal attempts made by patients of Major Depression. Therefore facilities to tackle this condition need to be set up globally on a warfooting by governments, NGOs and health care delivery systems, if morbidity and mortality of the world population has to be seriously controlled . The need, first of all, is to identify suicide prevention as public health policy, just as we think in terms of Malaria or Polio eradication, or have achieved smallpox eradication.
A student kills himself to escape the ignominy of exam failure. A woman burns herself to escape daily harassment by in-laws over inadequate dowry. A finance dealer ends his life to fend off the horde of creditors.The scion of an industrial empire kills himself after an uneasy marital relationship. The scion of another empire shoots himself after killing family members in an inebriated state. A stockbroker ends life after suffering huge losses in a stock market crash. Three sisters hang themselves from the ceiling fan as they see no end to their poverty and misery. A mother jumps to death with her kids for a similar reason.Lovers fling themselves from ‘suicide points’ all the world over.Buddhist monks immolate themselves over Vietnam. Roop Kunwarcommits Sati at Deorala. A sadhu immolates himself over a Ram Templeat Ayodhya. Fans immolate themselves over the death of a politician cum matinee idol, and even over the arrest of another such. A terminallyill patient ends his (and other’s) misery by taking an overdose. Another requests for, and secretly gets, euthanasia performed to end his saga of endless pain and suffering. A Film Director falls from the terrace under suspicious circumstances and we accept it as an end because he was suffering from Chronic Depression. Somehow, the diagnosis helps us place the event in perspective and accept it as justified, even if undesirable. It does not shock us, or benumb us, as much as the others.
Are these just gory newspaper headlines we avidly read but quickly gloss over ? Macabre details to acknowledge, but knowingly accept as inevitable facts of life ? It does not involve us, so we do experience atwinge of compassion, a brief wringing of the heart, and pass on. Are we to feel guilty ? That hardly helps, unless it is a propeller to action. Is our bored insulation justified ? That is so only if denial is the sole mechanism we utilize, and ostrich the only animal we admire.
We know that suicide has existed since time immemorial, but we also know that the modern attempts at suicide prevention have not. Number of people feel secure that suicide does not affect them, they are not suicide prone. Their family members are reasonably secure, confident types, not the ones to succumb to suicidal thoughts and impulses. The fact,however, is that everyone in his life time has contemplated suicide sometime or the other, and almost everyone knows of someone or the other whose life has been prematurely terminated in this manner. And even if we know people do commit suicide there is something tangible and definite we can do to save a life. So to think of moving towards a suicide free society may not be that farfetched an idea.
Should we join the crusade towards a suicide free society? Maybe. But any standpoint is worth consideration only after we review the facts of the case.
Here, then, are some of the facts.
The Magnitude Of The Problem
More than 4,00,000 people commit suicide all around the world every year. It is amongst the top ten causes of death for all ages in most countries of the world. In some, it is amongst the top three causes of death in the younger age group (15-34 years). Moreover, it is the second most important cause of death in the age-group 15-19 yrs., second only to vehicular accidents. Which just goes to show how young andprospectively brilliant lives are sniffed out in this tragically premature manner.
If this were not enough, we must note that suicide is under reported by 20-100%. If we take the 1994 figure reported above as the base, this figure in 2000 was projected as 5,00,000 plus. Even if we take 60% underreporting(average of 20-100%), we are talking of around 8,00,000 lives all around the globe getting exterminated in this manner every year.And the figure is rising. If this does not qualify for it to be called a public health issue, what does ?
Moreover, this is the figure of successful suicides. Attempted suicides are around ten times the figure i.e. 8,000,000 people attempt suicide, out of which 8,00,000 succeed in ending their lives. Attempted suicides involve a great effort on the part of medical and paramedical professionals and health care delivery systems, the immediate caregivers,the NGOs, and society at large to manage this colossal burden of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, research studies have found that 1-2% attempted suicides become successful suicides every year. This means 10-20% attempted suicides will end their lives in a decade. Therefore, prevention and treatment of both potential and attempted suicides and identifying the population at risk has to become a major public health priority area.
A number of risk factors of suicide have indeed been identified. Factors that predispose to successful suicide are male sex (males outnumber females 2.5:1; while in attempted suicides, females outnumber males 10:1); widowed, single or divorced marital status;addiction to alcohol or drugs; concomitant chronic physical or mentalillness; people staying in lodging homes or living alone and in areaswith a changing population. The key factor probably is social isolation, for the widowed and single consistently have higher suicide rates than the married , and widows with children have lower rates than those without. Such at risk population, in other words, is in greater need of psychosocial measures involving crisis intervention and rehabilitation.
Consider the Indian scenario, which is equally pertinent to us, probably moreso. As elsewhere, suicide is amongst the top ten causes of death here, and amongst the top three between the ages 16-35 years. While in 1984 around 50,000 people committed suicide (50,571, i.e. 6.8per lakh), in 1994 this figure rose to 90,000 (89,195 i.e. 9.9 per lakh). At present we have nearly a lakh Indians dying of suicide every year, whichis 20% of the world suicide population: another dubious distinction forthis country, beside the population explosion. And suicide attempters are ten times the suicide completers. This means around ten lakh Indians attempt suicide every year, out of which one lakh succeed*. What anironic success rate indeed ! In other words, 2740 people attempt suicide and 275 Indians kill themselves every day by suicide. Even the greatest supporter of eugenics or population control would not even remotely recommend such a method.
We just discussed that suicide isunder-reported. There are various reasons for this, common amongst these being the competence in medicine and law of those who issue Death Certificates, the mechanism used for collecting vital statistics, and the social and cultural attitudes of the community. For, we must know that,unlike most other causes, suicide stigmatizes the survivors as well.
Before we decide what public health measures need to be adopted, we must also know what are the findings of relatively recent researchers. In an important W.H.O. Study, Bertolate (1993) established a clear-cut connection between suicide and mental disorders. He found that out of a total of 6003 suicides, 98%(5866) had a psychiatric disorder. While affective disorder (i.e. Depression and Mania) was found in 24%, 22% showed Neurotic and Personality Disorders, 16%had substance abuse (alcohol and/ordrugs), 10% had schizophrenia and 21%had other mental disorders. Only in 2% cases no psychiatric diagnosis could bemade.
This study effectively proved what psychiatrists all around the globe who handled suicidal patients knew all along. That there was a strong case for a connection between psychiatric disorders and suicide. And the centuries of theological and moral debate over whether a person had the right to end his life or not, or whether it was a sin or not, was not really based on an awareness of the ground realities, for it applied to a few isolated cases. The legal position of considering suicide as a crime against the State had also missed the mark. They were all well intentioned but poorly informed attempts at suicide prevention. This W.H.O. study, and earlier and subsequent ones, prove that mental health professionals have an important role to play in the prevention and management of suicide. The very fact a diagnosis can be made implies some methods of treatment, prevention and rehabilitation can be applied.*
But we must not forget that if mental health workers have an significant role to play, so have a number of others. Society itself has the notorious ability to generate and perpetuate various expressions of deviance and social disintegration. A recent example of social disintegration and its role in suicide increase has been witnessed in the Baltic States, especially Lithuania, following the collapse of the former Soviet Union. It reported the world’s highest suicide rate i.e. 50 per lakh population, according to a relatively recent research report (Haghighat, 1997).
We also know that suicides are more common in the urban slums, lodging homes and in people staying alone where social isolation is prominent. Moreover,measures to tackle poverty and unemployment are dependent on governmental initiative. Reducing socialisolation, preventing social disintegration and treating mental disorders is the three pronged attack that must be the crux of any public health programme to reduce suicide, of course with suitable governmental effort mentioned earlier. Thus, Befriending programmes for the socially isolated, change that does not lead to fragmentation of the social psyche and ethos for the society at large, and efficient and affordable mental health care for the psychiatric patient, is the need of the hour. All these must synergize for any public health programme planned to combat suicide.
What Can You Do ?
Can you reduce social isolation, prevent social disintegration, and help treat mental illness ? Yes , you undoubtedly can. If you can identify those who suffer from social isolation, the people at risk we talked of earlier, you can do something about it, or put them on to someone who can. If you see disintegration, of values and norms in the social network around you, because of whatever reasons, and in whatever guise, you should stand up and protest against it, and help those who are its victims.You should resist attempts of instant messiahs in a hurry to do good, you should seek such social change that does not disrupt. When you know that suicide is preventable and psychiatric treatment can get a person rid of his suicidal thoughts, you must motivate a colleague, a relative or a friend, to seek professional help and savor the immense mental satisfaction of a life saved. That is what you can do.
This calls for an integrated outlook wherein the approach of saving life after a suicidal attempt must combine with psychiatric treatment, including crisis intervention and drug treatment, counselling and sociotherapy.This is at the individual level. But it must be combined with measures to tackle poverty, unemployment and attempt to change value systems at the social level. We realize, therefore, that suicide prevention and control is a movement. It involves the State, professionals, lay volunteers and the public (Venkoba Rao, 1999). But the great need is to first of all identify it as a public health issue (Sartorius, 1996). Just as we think in terms of Malaria or Polio eradication, or have achieved small pox eradication, the effort has to be put in to bring about suicide eradication. On a similar war-footing, with a similar concerted total effort.
Permit us to present some more statistics, which further establish the connection between psychiatric illness and suicide.
Why must you know all these morbid statistics about the association between psychiatric illness and suicide ? Because psychiatric illnesses are treatable. Because a patient of Major Depression or Schizophrenia, or other psychiatric disorders, can be helped to get rid of his suicidal thoughts and impulses by taking treatment. Moreover, suicide risk is lifelong for patients with mental disorders (Baxter and Appleby, 1999). 15% of mood disorder patients subsequently commit suicide and 45-70% of suicides have mood disorder. 19-24% of suicides have made a prior suicide attempt and 10% of suicide attempters subsequently commit suicide in 10 years (Roy, 2001).Helping such people out of their problems is what mental health professionals all the world over are doing dayin and day out. This is where you can help if you come to know of someone with suicidal ideas. You can help him by convincing him, or his family members, to seek suitable psychiatric help. A past suicidal attempt is perhaps the best indicator that a patient is at increased risk of suicide. Epidemiological studies show that persons who commit suicide may be poorly integrated into society. Social isolation increases suicidal tendencies among depressed patients (Sadock and Sadock, 2003).
Hence what you can do this : if someone has made a past suicidal attempt and survived, note that he is at increased risk. See that he does not suffer from social isolation, he gets integrated into the social mainstream and takes treatment, if necessary, for any psychiatric disorder soas to remain psychologically fit and/or not get a relapse. Moreover, suicide has been linked with being chronically ill . For example, one out of every six long-term dialysis patient over the age of 60 stops treatment, resulting in death (Neu andKjellstrand, 1986). Suicide rate among cancer patients is one and half times greater than that among non-ill adults.(Marshall et al, 1983), and suicide among men with AIDS is estimated at more than 36 times the national rate for their age group (Mazurk et al, 1988). What do you do here? All patients with chronic sickness need to be protected from social isolation. See that they are not left out, uncared for, neglected. It is tiring and taxing to care for them allright. But they have a right to live on with dignity as long as they can, and your effort in that direction can never go a waste.
DALY And Burden Of Disease
But let us get on with the other recent findings on suicide.
Over the last ten years, W.H.O., with the World Bank and Harvard Medical School, has developed DALY (DisabilityAdjusted Life Years), which is a measure of the burden that a disease entails(Murray and Lopez, 1996). This was a multicentric study involving both developed and developing countries. Its findings in 1990 and projection for 2020 are real eye-openers. While in 1990 malaria and T.B. were prominent, mental illness ranked very high. Unipolar Major Depression (3.7%)ranked fourth after Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (8.2%), Diarrhoeal disease (7.2%) and Prenatal conditions (6.7%). It must be noted that two of the above conditions are infectious diseases and one involves childbirth, all of which are recognized major physiopathological stressors. None of these are the so-called ‘Life-Style’ diseases. Amongst those, Depression (3.7%) was rated above Ischemic Heart Disease (3.4%) in the global burden. This effectively dispelled the common man’s notion that Depression is a major problem only in the developed world. Moreover, asof now, Mental disorders (9.7%) rank just below Cardiovascular Disorders(10.5%) in the total burden.
The projections for 2020 are equally revealing. Depressive disorders are expected to be the second highest cause of disease burden worldwide (Brown, 2001). The global burden of Unipolar Major Depression (5.7%) will be a close second to Ischemic Heart Disease (5.9%), followed by Traffic Accidents (5.1%), Cerebrovascular Accidents (4.4%) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (4.2%). Malaria, T.B. and Prenatal conditions would become less important. Compared to the sophisticated Heart Institutes and other places to treat Ischemic Heart disease of which every city boasts, what should be the increase in the member of sophisticated Centers to treat Depression, where public awareness and governmental thrust is abysmally small ? How much greater is the need for public and private funding, the general awareness, the will and programmes to combatit ?
“Unfortunately, only about one third of individuals with depression are in treatment, not only because of underrecognition by health care providers but also because individuals often conceive of their depression as a type of moral deficiency, which is shameful and should be hidden . Individual often feel as if they could get better if they just ‘pulled themselves up by the bootstraps’ and tried harder. The reality is that depressionis an illness, not a choice, and is just as socially debilitating as coronary artery disease and more debilitating than diabetes mellitus or arthritis. Furthermore, upto 15% of severely depressed patients will ultimately commit suicide. Suicide attempts are upto ten per hundred subjects depressed for a year, with one successful suicide per hundred subjects depressed a year. In the United States for example, there are approximately 300,000 suicide attempts and 30,000 suicides per year, most, but not all, associated with depression… mood disorders are common, debilitating, life -threatening illnesses, which can be successfully treated but commonly are not treated . Public education efforts are ongoing to identify cases and provide effective treatment” (Stahl, 2003).
A useful rule of thumb given by the same author is the rule of sevens, with regard to the connection between suicide and major depression :
i)One out of seven with recurrent depressive illness commits suicide.
ii)70% of suicides have depressive illness.
iii)70% of suicides see their primary care physician within six weeks of their suicide.*
iv)Suicide is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States.
The hidden cost of depression as a considerable burden on society and the individual, especially in terms of incapacity to work, has been noted in the UK (Thomas and Morris, 2003). The hidden cost of not treating depression is 30,000 to 35,000 suicides per year in the United States alone(Stahl, 2003). The figures are equally applicable to the other countries, including India. The role of care-providers, governmental bodies and enlightened citizens is clearly cutout and needs to be focussed in the directionof suicide prevention. What more need be said?
The projection in 2020 for all mental disorders is 15% i.e. from 9.7% in1990, the global burden of mental disorders will rise to 15%, a rise of more than 50%, of which one third will be due to Unipolar Major Depression.
Why are we looking at these statistics here ? Because the major cause of premature mortality in Unipolar Major Depression is suicide. In fact the major cause of premature mortality in psychiatric conditions taken as a whole is also suicide. Thus, study of the various dimensions of suicide is so very important. And treatment of mental disorders can be one sure way of reducing the rising suicide rates the world over.
The Global Burden of Disease Study has been an eye-opener for public health programmes.
Suicide Prevention : How?
There are atleast three important thrust areas in suicide prevention that will help implement the plan to reduce social isolation, prevent social disintegration and treat mental disorders :
- (i) Sensitize family physicians to early signs of Major Depression and other psychiatric disorders with serious suicidal risk ;
- (ii) Carefully assess the claims of Samaritans, Befriending programmes, Help-lines etc. in reducing suicide-rates and encourage their efforts if so found; and
- (iii) Effective treatment in psychiatric hospitals/clinics and efficient care following discharge by mental health professionals using well proven methods.
The outlook towards suicide has undergone a distinct paradigm shift. First was the theological approach, which considered suicide to be a sin. Then came the moral approach of philosophers, which debated whether suicide was rational orirrational. (The debate still continues ofcourse.) This was followed by the legal approach, which considered it a crime. Later came the Sociological, which concentrated on finding societal factors responsible for suicides.More recent has been the psychological wherein the internal psychodynamics of the suicidal person was studied. Finally we have come to the Psychiatric or Mental Health approach wherein clinical diagnosis, treatment and prevention have become prominent. The paradigm shift involved can be summarized in a few words : treating has replaced preaching (Heyd and Bloch, 1984). The suicidal subject is regarded asa victim of external forces, or as a patient; he is thus absolved from any moral responsibility for the act. It is easy for society to label suicide as moral cowardice, virtuous heroism, mortal sin, or even demoniac intervention (Heydand Bloch, 1984). What is probably more important is to face it as a social and psychological problem whose cause is still not fully clear, but within the scope of health care delivery systems to manage, of course in liaison with other care givers.
India has come a long way but still has far to go. Compared to a handful of psychiatrists at the time of independence, we have more than 3000 psychiatrists in the country (1 per 3.33 lakh : the ideal should be atleast ten times more). Include other mental health workers and the number is 10,000 plus (i.e. 1 per 1 Lakh : not that bad, the ideal number should be 1 : 25,000 or less, which means the work force must increase by atleast four times). Moreover, the major benefit of most psychiatric services are not within the reach of the majority of our population especially those living in villages, small towns or the big city slums (Wig, 2001). We know, therefore, what is the manpower needed to tackle the unfinished agenda of mental health in general and suicide prevention and management in particular.
Suicide is ubiquitous, under-reported and probably also under-researched. Study of its various dimensions-preventive, therapeutic, rehabilitative, social, ethical etc. needs to be furthered amongst medical professionals, social thinkers,legislative bodies, NGOs, care givers and survivors. Only then the pious and well-intentioned religious commandments of yore, and bioethical discussions of philosophers today, will become synergistic with psychosocial intervention and rehabilitative programmes.
It will also be one significant manner to further an earlier W.H.O. slogan (for the year 2001-2002) : ‘Mental Health : Stop exclusion, dare to care‘, in an effort at more humane patient care, a less psychopathological environment and,hopefully, a more egalitarian society.
So, that is the picture. It has stirred you to think. It has stirred you to act. Look out for the suicide prone individuals. Get acquainted with NGOs like Befrienders International or the Samaritans. Ask if Suicide Help-lines need your assistance. Help a suicide prone individual seek professional care. Contribute your mite to the movement to make society suicide – free.
It is not just a dream. It is a goal we must all work together for.
Shall we, then, walk the talk ?
Questions that the Second Monograph raises
What concrete steps could be taken to reduce social isolation, prevent social disintegration and treat mental disorders?
Is setting up Centres to treat Depression a workable proposition? Are there specialized Centres like this working any where and what has been the experience like?
What are the important Indian studies in the field of suicide treatment and prevention?
Are there biological markers of suicide?
How much does disintegration of social institutions like the family contribute to suicide increase ?
What is the evidence to support the work of Befrienders International, Samaritans, Suicide help-lines etc. in the field of suicide prevention?
What could other NGOs do in the area of suicide prevention?
What could the enlightened citizen do to save a person from suicide?
What are the distress signals that should arouse the suspicion that a suicidal attempt is likely?
Is suicide prevention as public health policy a viable community health programme initiative?
Does the moral philosopher’s arguments about rational or irrational suicide hold any ground?
How do we account for deaths like Jnaneshwar’s, or Rama’s?
Do other animals commit suicide, or is it a phenomenon peculiar only to humans?
Has psychiatric treatment really helped reduce suicide rates, or has it remained constant inspite of their best efforts?
It is desirable that some individuals, who have no escape route whatsoever, be allowed to end their lives?
Is there a case for Physician-assisted suicide, or euthanasia?
How can the mass media do responsible suicide reporting?
Is there any other way of looking at this problem? One which presents a diametrically opposite position or a refreshingly different perspective to this whole issue?
*And if we consider even 60% under-reporting, the figure is 16 lakh attempters and 1.6 lakh suicidal deaths (-eds.).
*See also page 34-38 for discussion on a counter-view point about how much psychiatric diagnosis and treatment has helped in suicide prevention.-eds.
*Such a simple measure as a sensitized primary care physician, or general practitioner, who looks out for depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in his patients, can effectively curb a large number of these 70% suicides.-eds.
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A large study aimed at political leaders has shown that the world has enough fossil fuel projects planned to meet global energy demand forecasts to 2050 and governments should stop issuing new oil, gas and coal licences.
Researchers at University College London and the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) said on Thursday that If governments deliver the changes promised in order to keep the world from breaching its climate targets no new fossil fuel projects will be needed.
The data offered what they said was “a rigorous scientific basis” for global governments to ban new fossil fuel projects and begin a managed decline of the fossil fuel industry, while encouraging investment in clean energy alternatives.
By establishing a “clear and immediate demand” political leaders would be able to set a new norm around the future of fossil fuels, against which the industry could be held “immediately accountable”, the researchers said.
The paper which was published in the journal Science, analysed global energy demand forecasts for oil and gas, as well as coal- and gas-fired electricity, using a broad range of scenarios compiled for the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that limited global heating to within 1.5C above pre-industrial levels.
Dr Steve Pye, a co-author of the report from the UCL Energy Institute, said: “Importantly, our research establishes that there is a rigorous scientific basis for the proposed norm by showing that there is no need for new fossil fuel projects.”
It found that in addition to not needing new fossil fuel extraction, no new coal- and gas-fired power generation was needed in a net zero future. The paper is expected to reignite criticism of the UK’s Conservative government, which has promised to offer hundreds of oil and gas exploration licenses to boost the North Sea industry, a policy that has emerged as a key dividing line with the opposition Labour party before the 4 July general election.
Labour has vowed to put an end to new North Sea licences if it comes to power, and also plans to increase taxes on the profits made by existing oil and gas fields to help fund investments in green energy projects through a new government-owned company, Great British Energy.
Story was adapted from the Guardian.
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By the end of this section, you should be able to:
- Compare and contrast the different experiences of various ethnic groups in the United States
- Apply theories of intergroup relations, race, and ethnicity to different subordinate groups
When colonists came to the New World, they found a land that did not need “discovering” since it was already inhabited. While the first wave of immigrants came from Western Europe, eventually the bulk of people entering North America were from Northern Europe, then Eastern Europe, then Latin America and Asia. And let us not forget the forced immigration of enslaved Africans. Most of these groups underwent a period of disenfranchisement in which they were relegated to the bottom of the social hierarchy before they managed (for those who could) to achieve social mobility. Because of this achievement, the U.S. is still a “dream destination” for millions of people living in other countries. Many thousands of people, including children, arrive here every year both documented and undocumented. Most Americans welcome and support new immigrants wholeheartedly. For example, the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act introduced in 2001 provides a means for undocumented immigrants who arrived in the U.S. as children to gain a pathway to permanent legal status. Similarly, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) introduced in 2012 gives young undocumented immigrants a work permit and protection from deportation (Georgetown Law 2021). Today, the U.S. society is multicultural, multiracial and multiethnic that is composed of people from several national origins.
The U.S. Census Bureau collects racial data in accordance with guidelines provided by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB 2016). These data are based on self-identification; generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country that include racial and national origin or sociocultural groups. People may choose to report more than one race to indicate their racial mixture, such as “American Indian” and “White.” People who identify their origin as Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish may be of any race. OMB requires five minimum categories: White, Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. The U.S. Census Bureau’s QuickFacts as of July 1, 2019 showed that over 328 million people representing various racial groups were living in the U.S. (Table 11.1).
Population estimates, July 1, 2019, (V2019) | 328,239,523 |
Race and Hispanic Origin | Percentage (%) |
White alone | 76.3 |
Black or African American alone | 13.4 |
American Indian and Alaska Native alone | 1.3 |
Asian alone | 5.9 |
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone | 0.2 |
Two or More Races | 2.8 |
Hispanic or Latino | 18.5 |
White alone, not Hispanic or Latino | 60.1 |
To clarify the terminology in the table, note that the U.S. Census Bureau defines racial groups as follows:
- White – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa.
- Black or African American – A person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.
- American Indian or Alaska Native – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America) and who maintains tribal affiliation or community attachment.
- Asian – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
- Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander – A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
Information on race is required for many Federal programs and is critical in making policy decisions, particularly for civil rights including racial justice. States use these data to meet legislative redistricting principles. Race data also are used to promote equal employment opportunities and to assess racial disparities in health and environmental risks that demonstrates the extent to which this multiculturality is embraced. The many manifestations of multiculturalism carry significant political repercussions. The sections below will describe how several groups became part of U.S. society, discuss the history of intergroup relations for each faction, and assess each group’s status today.
Native Americans are Indigenous peoples, the only nonimmigrant people in the United States. According to the National Congress of American Indians, Native Americans are “All Native people of the United States and its trust territories (i.e., American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, Chamorros, and American Samoans), as well as persons from Canadian First Nations and Indigenous communities in Mexico and Central and South America who are U.S. residents (NCAI 2020, p. 11).” Native Americans once numbered in the millions but by 2010 made up only 0.9 percent of U.S. populace; see above (U.S. Census 2010). Currently, about 2.9 million people identify themselves as Native American alone, while an additional 2.3 million identify themselves as Native American mixed with another ethnic group (Norris, Vines, and Hoeffel 2012).
Sports Teams with Native American Names
The sports world abounds with team names like the Indians, the Warriors, the Braves, and even the Savages and Redskins. These names arise from historically prejudiced views of Native Americans as fierce, brave, and strong: attributes that would be beneficial to a sports team, but are not necessarily beneficial to people in the United States who should be seen as more than that.
Since the civil rights movement of the 1960s, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) has been campaigning against the use of such mascots, asserting that the “warrior savage myth . . . reinforces the racist view that Indians are uncivilized and uneducated and it has been used to justify policies of forced assimilation and destruction of Indian culture” (NCAI Resolution #TUL-05-087 2005). The campaign has met with limited success. While some teams have changed their names, hundreds of professional, college, and K–12 school teams still have names derived from this stereotype. Another group, American Indian Cultural Support (AICS), is especially concerned with the use of such names at K–12 schools, influencing children when they should be gaining a fuller and more realistic understanding of Native Americans than such stereotypes supply.
After years of pressure and with a wider sense of social justice and cultural sensitivity, the Washington Football Team removed their offensive name before the 2020 season, and the Cleveland Major League Baseball team announced it would change its name after the 2021 season.
What do you think about such names? Should they be allowed or banned? What argument would a symbolic interactionist make on this topic?
History of Intergroup Relations
Native American culture prior to European settlement is referred to as Pre-Columbian: that is, prior to the coming of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Mistakenly believing that he had landed in the East Indies, Columbus named the indigenous people “Indians,” a name that has persisted for centuries despite being a geographical misnomer and one used to blanket hundreds of sovereign tribal nations (NCAI 2020).
The history of intergroup relations between European colonists and Native Americans is a brutal one. As discussed in the section on genocide, the effect of European settlement of the Americans was to nearly destroy the indigenous population. And although Native Americans’ lack of immunity to European diseases caused the most deaths, overt mistreatment and massacres of Native Americans by Europeans were devastating as well.
From the first Spanish colonists to the French, English, and Dutch who followed, European settlers took what land they wanted and expanded across the continent at will. If indigenous people tried to retain their stewardship of the land, Europeans fought them off with superior weapons. Europeans’ domination of the Americas was indeed a conquest; one scholar points out that Native Americans are the only minority group in the United States whose subordination occurred purely through conquest by the dominant group (Marger 1993).
After the establishment of the United States government, discrimination against Native Americans was codified and formalized in a series of laws intended to subjugate them and keep them from gaining any power. Some of the most impactful laws are as follows:
- The Indian Removal Act of 1830 forced the relocation of any Native tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river.
- The Indian Appropriation Acts funded further removals and declared that no Indian tribe could be recognized as an independent nation, tribe, or power with which the U.S. government would have to make treaties. This made it even easier for the U.S. government to take land it wanted.
- The Dawes Act of 1887 reversed the policy of isolating Native Americans on reservations, instead forcing them onto individual properties that were intermingled with White settlers, thereby reducing their capacity for power as a group.
Native American culture was further eroded by the establishment of boarding schools in the late nineteenth century. These schools, run by both Christian missionaries and the United States government, had the express purpose of “civilizing” Native American children and assimilating them into White society. The boarding schools were located off-reservation to ensure that children were separated from their families and culture. Schools forced children to cut their hair, speak English, and practice Christianity. Physical and sexual abuses were rampant for decades; only in 1987 did the Bureau of Indian Affairs issue a policy on sexual abuse in boarding schools. Some scholars argue that many of the problems that Native Americans face today result from almost a century of mistreatment at these boarding schools.
The eradication of Native American culture continued until the 1960s, when Native Americans were able to participate in and benefit from the civil rights movement. The Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 guaranteed Indian tribes most of the rights of the United States Bill of Rights. New laws like the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 and the Education Assistance Act of the same year recognized tribal governments and gave them more power. Indian boarding schools have dwindled to only a few, and Native American cultural groups are striving to preserve and maintain old traditions to keep them from being lost forever. Today, Native Americans are citizens of three sovereigns: their tribal nations, the United States, and the state in which they reside (NCAI 2020).
However, Native Americans (some of whom wish to be called American Indians so as to avoid the “savage” connotations of the term “native”) still suffer the effects of centuries of degradation. Long-term poverty, inadequate education, cultural dislocation, and high rates of unemployment contribute to Native American populations falling to the bottom of the economic spectrum. Native Americans also suffer disproportionately with lower life expectancies than most groups in the United States.
As discussed in the section on race, the term African American can be a misnomer for many individuals. Many people with dark skin may have their more recent roots in Europe or the Caribbean, seeing themselves as Dominican American or Dutch American, for example. Further, actual immigrants from Africa may feel that they have more of a claim to the term African American than those who are many generations removed from ancestors who originally came to this country.
The U.S. Census Bureau (2019) estimates that at least 13.4 percent of the United States' population is Black.
How and Why They Came
African Americans are the exemplar minority group in the United States whose ancestors did not come here by choice. A Dutch sea captain brought the first Africans to the Virginia colony of Jamestown in 1619 and sold them as indentured servants. (Indentured servants are people who are committed to work for a certain period of time, typically without formal pay). This was not an uncommon practice for either Black or White people, and indentured servants were in high demand. For the next century, Black and White indentured servants worked side by side. But the growing agricultural economy demanded greater and cheaper labor, and by 1705, Virginia passed the slave codes declaring that any foreign-born non-Christian could be enslaved, and that enslaved people were considered property.
The next 150 years saw the rise of U.S. slavery, with Black Africans being kidnapped from their own lands and shipped to the New World on the trans-Atlantic journey known as the Middle Passage. Once in the Americas, the Black population grew until U.S.-born Black people outnumbered those born in Africa. But colonial (and later, U.S.) slave codes declared that the child of an enslaved person was also an enslaved person, so the slave class was created. By 1808, the slave trade was internal in the United States, with enslaved people being bought and sold across state lines like livestock.
History of Intergroup Relations
There is no starker illustration of the dominant-subordinate group relationship than that of slavery. In order to justify their severely discriminatory behavior, slaveholders and their supporters viewed Black people as innately inferior. Enslaved people were denied even the most basic rights of citizenship, a crucial factor for slaveholders and their supporters. Slavery poses an excellent example of conflict theory’s perspective on race relations; the dominant group needed complete control over the subordinate group in order to maintain its power. Whippings, executions, rapes, and denial of schooling and health care were widely practiced.
Slavery eventually became an issue over which the nation divided into geographically and ideologically distinct factions, leading to the Civil War. And while the abolition of slavery on moral grounds was certainly a catalyst to war, it was not the only driving force. Students of U.S. history will know that the institution of slavery was crucial to the Southern economy, whose production of crops like rice, cotton, and tobacco relied on the virtually limitless and cheap labor that slavery provided. In contrast, the North didn’t benefit economically from slavery, resulting in an economic disparity tied to racial/political issues.
A century later, the civil rights movement was characterized by boycotts, marches, sit-ins, and freedom rides: demonstrations by a subordinate group and their supporters that would no longer willingly submit to domination. The major blow to America’s formally institutionalized racism was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Act, which is still important today, banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Although government-sponsored, formalized discrimination against African Americans has been outlawed, true equality does not yet exist. The National Urban League’s 2020 Equality Index reports that Black people’s overall equality level with White people has been generally improving. Measuring standards of civic engagement, economics, education, and others, Black people had an equality level of 71 percent in 2010 and had an equality level of 74 percent in 2020. The Index, which has been published since 2005, notes a growing trend of increased inequality with White people, especially in the areas of unemployment, insurance coverage, and incarceration. Black people also trail White people considerably in the areas of economics, health, and education (National Urban League 2020).
To what degree do racism and prejudice contribute to this continued inequality? The answer is complex. 2008 saw the election of this country’s first African American president: Barack Obama. Despite being popularly identified as Black, we should note that President Obama is of a mixed background that is equally White, and although all presidents have been publicly mocked at times (Gerald Ford was depicted as a klutz, Bill Clinton as someone who could not control his libido), a startling percentage of the critiques of Obama were based on his race. In a number of other chapters, we discuss racial disparities in healthcare, education, incarceration, and other areas.
Although Black people have come a long way from slavery, the echoes of centuries of disempowerment are still evident.
Black People Are Still Seeking Racial Justice
In 2020, racial justice movements expanded their protests against incidents of police brutality and all racially motivated violence against Black people. Black Lives Matter (BLM), an organization founded in 2013 in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman, was a core part of the movement to protest the killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor and other Black victims of police violence. Millions of people from all racial backgrounds participated in the movement directly or indirectly, demanding justice for the victims and their families, redistributing police department funding to drive more holistic and community-driven law enforcement, addressing systemic racism, and introducing new laws to punish police officers who kill innocent people.
The racial justice movement has been able to achieve some these demands. For example, Minneapolis City Council unanimously approved $27 million settlement to the family of George Floyd in March 2021, the largest pre-trial settlement in a wrongful death case ever for the life of a Black person (Shapiro and Lloyd, 2021). $500,000 from the settlement amount is intended to enhance the business district in the area where Floyd died. Floyd, a 46-year-old Black man, was arrested and murdered in Minneapolis on May 25, 2020. Do you think such settlement is adequate to provide justice for the victims, their families and communities affected by the horrific racism? What else should be done more? How can you contribute to bring desired changes?
Asian Americans represent a great diversity of cultures and backgrounds. The experience of a Japanese American whose family has been in the United States for three generations will be drastically different from a Laotian American who has only been in the United States for a few years. This section primarily discusses Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese immigrants and shows the differences between their experiences. The most recent estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau (2019) suggest about 5.9 percent of the population identify themselves as Asian.
How and Why They Came
The national and ethnic diversity of Asian American immigration history is reflected in the variety of their experiences in joining U.S. society. Asian immigrants have come to the United States in waves, at different times, and for different reasons.
The first Asian immigrants to come to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century were Chinese. These immigrants were primarily men whose intention was to work for several years in order to earn incomes to support their families in China. Their main destination was the American West, where the Gold Rush was drawing people with its lure of abundant money. The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad was underway at this time, and the Central Pacific section hired thousands of migrant Chinese men to complete the laying of rails across the rugged Sierra Nevada mountain range. Chinese men also engaged in other manual labor like mining and agricultural work. The work was grueling and underpaid, but like many immigrants, they persevered.
Japanese immigration began in the 1880s, on the heels of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Many Japanese immigrants came to Hawaii to participate in the sugar industry; others came to the mainland, especially to California. Unlike the Chinese, however, the Japanese had a strong government that negotiated with the U.S. government to ensure the well-being of their immigrants. Japanese men were able to bring their wives and families to the United States, and were thus able to produce second- and third-generation Japanese Americans more quickly than their Chinese counterparts.
The most recent large-scale Asian immigration came from Korea and Vietnam and largely took place during the second half of the twentieth century. While Korean immigration has been fairly gradual, Vietnamese immigration occurred primarily post-1975, after the fall of Saigon and the establishment of restrictive communist policies in Vietnam. Whereas many Asian immigrants came to the United States to seek better economic opportunities, Vietnamese immigrants came as political refugees, seeking asylum from harsh conditions in their homeland. The Refugee Act of 1980 helped them to find a place to settle in the United States.
History of Intergroup Relations
Chinese immigration came to an abrupt end with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. This act was a result of anti-Chinese sentiment burgeoned by a depressed economy and loss of jobs. White workers blamed Chinese migrants for taking jobs, and the passage of the Act meant the number of Chinese workers decreased. Chinese men did not have the funds to return to China or to bring their families to the United States, so they remained physically and culturally segregated in the Chinatowns of large cities. Later legislation, the Immigration Act of 1924, further curtailed Chinese immigration. The Act included the race-based National Origins Act, which was aimed at keeping U.S. ethnic stock as undiluted as possible by reducing “undesirable” immigrants. It was not until after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that Chinese immigration again increased, and many Chinese families were reunited.
Although Japanese Americans have deep, long-reaching roots in the United States, their history here has not always been smooth. The California Alien Land Law of 1913 was aimed at them and other Asian immigrants, and it prohibited immigrants from owning land. An even uglier action was the Japanese internment camps of World War II, discussed earlier as an illustration of expulsion.
Asian Americans certainly have been subject to their share of racial prejudice, despite the seemingly positive stereotype as the model minority. The model minority stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.
This stereotype is typically applied to Asian groups in the United States, and it can result in unrealistic expectations by putting a stigma on members of this group that do not meet the expectations. Stereotyping all Asians as smart and capable can also lead to a lack of much-needed government assistance and to educational and professional discrimination.
Hate Crimes Against Asian Americans
Asian Americans across the United States experienced a significant increase in hate crimes, harassment and discrimination tied to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Community trackers recorded more than 3,000 anti-Asian attacks nationwide during 2020 in comparison to about 100 such incidents recorded annually in the prior years (Abdollah 2021). Asian American leaders have been urging community members to report any criminal incidents, demanding local law enforcement agencies for greater enforcement of existing hate-crime laws.
Many Asian Americans feel their communities have long been ignored by mainstream politics, media and entertainment although they are considered as a “model minority.” Recently, Asian American journalists are sharing their own stories of discrimination on social media and a growing chorus of federal lawmakers are demanding actions. Do you think you can do something to stop violence against Asian Americans? Can any of your actions not only help Asian Americans but also wider people in the United States?
White Americans are the dominant racial group in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau (2019), 76.3 percent of U.S. adults currently identify themselves as White alone. In this section, we will focus on German, Irish, Italian, and Eastern European immigrants.
Why They Came
White ethnic Europeans formed the second and third great waves of immigration, from the early nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. They joined a newly minted United States that was primarily made up of White Protestants from England. While most immigrants came searching for a better life, their experiences were not all the same.
The first major influx of European immigrants came from Germany and Ireland, starting in the 1820s. Germans came both for economic opportunity and to escape political unrest and military conscription, especially after the Revolutions of 1848. Many German immigrants of this period were political refugees: liberals who wanted to escape from an oppressive government. They were well-off enough to make their way inland, and they formed heavily German enclaves in the Midwest that exist to this day.
The Irish immigrants of the same time period were not always as well off financially, especially after the Irish Potato Famine of 1845. Irish immigrants settled mainly in the cities of the East Coast, where they were employed as laborers and where they faced significant discrimination.
German and Irish immigration continued into the late 19th century and earlier 20th century, at which point the numbers for Southern and Eastern European immigrants started growing as well. Italians, mainly from the Southern part of the country, began arriving in large numbers in the 1890s. Eastern European immigrants—people from Russia, Poland, Bulgaria, and Austria-Hungary—started arriving around the same time. Many of these Eastern Europeans were peasants forced into a hardscrabble existence in their native lands; political unrest, land shortages, and crop failures drove them to seek better opportunities in the United States. The Eastern European immigration wave also included Jewish people escaping pogroms (anti-Jewish massacres) of Eastern Europe and the Pale of Settlement in what was then Poland and Russia.
History of Intergroup Relations
In a broad sense, German immigrants were not victimized to the same degree as many of the other subordinate groups this section discusses. While they may not have been welcomed with open arms, they were able to settle in enclaves and establish roots. A notable exception to this was during the lead up to World War I and through World War II, when anti-German sentiment was virulent.
Irish immigrants, many of whom were very poor, were more of an underclass than the Germans. In Ireland, the English had oppressed the Irish for centuries, eradicating their language and culture and discriminating against their religion (Catholicism). Although the Irish had a larger population than the English, they were a subordinate group. This dynamic reached into the New World, where Anglo-Americans saw Irish immigrants as a race apart: dirty, lacking ambition, and suitable for only the most menial jobs. In fact, Irish immigrants were subject to criticism identical to that with which the dominant group characterized African Americans. By necessity, Irish immigrants formed tight communities segregated from their Anglo neighbors.
The later wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe was also subject to intense discrimination and prejudice. In particular, the dominant group—which now included second- and third-generation Germans and Irish—saw Italian immigrants as the dregs of Europe and worried about the purity of the American race (Myers 2007). Italian immigrants lived in segregated slums in Northeastern cities, and in some cases were even victims of violence and lynching similar to what African Americans endured. They undertook physical labor at lower pay than other workers, often doing the dangerous work that other laborers were reluctant to take on, such as earth moving and construction.
German Americans are the largest group among White ethnic Americans in the country. For many years, German Americans endeavored to maintain a strong cultural identity, but they are now culturally assimilated into the dominant culture.
There are now more Irish Americans in the United States than there are Irish in Ireland. One of the country’s largest cultural groups, Irish Americans have slowly achieved acceptance and assimilation into the dominant group.
Myers (2007) states that Italian Americans’ cultural assimilation is “almost complete, but with remnants of ethnicity.” The presence of “Little Italy” neighborhoods—originally segregated slums where Italians congregated in the nineteenth century—exist today. While tourists flock to the saints’ festivals in Little Italies, most Italian Americans have moved to the suburbs at the same rate as other White groups. Italian Americans also became more accepted after World War II, partly because of other, newer migrating groups and partly because of their significant contribution to the war effort, which saw over 500,000 Italian Americans join the military and fight against the Axis powers, which included Italy itself.
As you will see in the Religion chapter, Jewish people were also a core immigrant group to the United States. They often resided in tight-knit neighborhoods in a similar way to Italian people. Jewish identity is interesting and varied, in that many Jewish people consider themselves as members of a collective ethnic group as well as a religion, and many Jewish people feel connected by their ancestry as well as their religion. In fact, much of the data around the number of Jewish Americans is presented with caveats about different definitions and identifications of what it means to be Jewish (Lipka 2013).
As we have seen, there is no minority group that fits easily in a category or that can be described simply. While sociologists believe that individual experiences can often be understood in light of their social characteristics (such as race, class, or gender), we must balance this perspective with awareness that no two individuals’ experiences are alike. Making generalizations can lead to stereotypes and prejudice. The same is true for White ethnic Americans, who come from diverse backgrounds and have had a great variety of experiences.
Thinking about White Ethnic Americans: Arab Americans
The first Arab immigrants came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were predominantly Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians, and they came to escape persecution and to make a better life. These early immigrants and their descendants, who were more likely to think of themselves as Syrian or Lebanese than Arab, represent almost half of the Arab American population today (Myers 2007). Restrictive immigration policies from the 1920s until 1965 curtailed immigration, but Arab immigration since 1965 has been steady. Immigrants from this time period have been more likely to be Muslim and more highly educated, escaping political unrest and looking for better opportunities.
The United States was deeply affected by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and racial profiling has proceeded against Arab Americans since then. Particularly when engaged in air travel, being young and Arab-looking is enough to warrant a special search or detainment. This Islamophobia (irrational fear of or hatred against Muslims) does not show signs of abating. Arab Americans represent all religious practices, despite the stereotype that all Arabic people practice Islam. Geographically, the Arab region comprises the Middle East and parts of North Africa (MENA). People whose ancestry lies in that area or who speak primarily Arabic may consider themselves Arabs.
The U.S. Census has struggled with the issue of Arab identity. The 2020 Census, as in previous years, did not offer a (MENA) category under the question of race. The US government rejected a push by Arab American advocates and organizations to add the new category, meaning that people stemming from the Arab region will be counted as "white" (Harb 2018). Do you think an addition of MENA category is appropriate to reduce prejudice and discrimination against Arab Americans? What other categories should be added to promote racial justice in the United States?
The U.S. Census Bureau uses two ethnicities in collecting and reporting data: “Hispanic or Latino” and “Not Hispanic or Latino." Hispanic or Latino is a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. Hispanic Americans have a wide range of backgrounds and nationalities.
The segment of the U.S. population that self-identifies as Hispanic in 2019 was recently estimated at 18.5 percent of the total (U.S. Census Bureau 2019). According to the 2010 U.S. Census, about 75 percent of the respondents who identify as Hispanic report being of Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban origin. Remember that the U.S. Census allows people to report as being more than one ethnicity.
Not only are there wide differences among the different origins that make up the Hispanic American population, but there are also different names for the group itself. Hence, there have been some disagreements over whether Hispanic or Latino is the correct term for a group this diverse, and whether it would be better for people to refer to themselves as being of their origin specifically, for example, Mexican American or Dominican American. This section will compare the experiences of Mexican Americans and Cuban Americans.
How and Why They Came
Mexican Americans form the largest Hispanic subgroup and also the oldest. Mexican migration to the United States started in the early 1900s in response to the need for inexepensive agricultural labor. Mexican migration was often circular; workers would stay for a few years and then go back to Mexico with more money than they could have made in their country of origin. The length of Mexico’s shared border with the United States has made immigration easier than for many other immigrant groups.
Cuban Americans are the second-largest Hispanic subgroup, and their history is quite different from that of Mexican Americans. The main wave of Cuban immigration to the United States started after Fidel Castro came to power in 1959 and reached its crest with the Mariel boatlift in 1980. Castro’s Cuban Revolution ushered in an era of communism that continues to this day. To avoid having their assets seized by the government, many wealthy and educated Cubans migrated north, generally to the Miami area.
History of Intergroup Relations
For several decades, Mexican workers crossed the long border into the United States, both "documented" and "undocumented" to work in the fields that provided produce for the developing United States. Western growers needed a steady supply of labor, and the 1940s and 1950s saw the official federal Bracero Program (bracero is Spanish for strong-arm) that offered protection to Mexican guest workers. Interestingly, 1954 also saw the enactment of “Operation Wetback,” which deported thousands of illegal Mexican workers. From these examples, we can see the U.S. treatment of immigration from Mexico has been ambivalent at best.
Sociologist Douglas Massey (2006) suggests that although the average standard of living than in Mexico may be lower in the United States, it is not so low as to make permanent migration the goal of most Mexicans. However, the strengthening of the border that began with 1986’s Immigration Reform and Control Act has made one-way migration the rule for most Mexicans. Massey argues that the rise of illegal one-way immigration of Mexicans is a direct outcome of the law that was intended to reduce it.
Cuban Americans, perhaps because of their relative wealth and education level at the time of immigration, have fared better than many immigrants. Further, because they were fleeing a Communist country, they were given refugee status and offered protection and social services. The Cuban Migration Agreement of 1995 has curtailed legal immigration from Cuba, leading many Cubans to try to immigrate illegally by boat. According to a 2009 report from the Congressional Research Service, the U.S. government applied a “wet foot/dry foot” policy toward Cuban immigrants; Cubans who were intercepted while still at sea were returned to Cuba, while those who reached the shore were permitted to stay in the United States. This policy ended in 2017.
Mexican Americans, especially those who are here undocumented, are at the center of a national debate about immigration. Myers (2007) observes that no other minority group (except the Chinese) has immigrated to the United States in such an environment of legal dispute. He notes that in some years, three times as many Mexican immigrants may have entered the United States undocumented as those who arrived documented. It should be noted that this is due to enormous disparity of economic opportunity on two sides of an open border, not because of any inherent inclination to break laws. In his report, “Measuring Immigrant Assimilation in the United States,” Jacob Vigdor (2008) states that Mexican immigrants experience relatively low rates of economic and civic assimilation. He further suggests that “the slow rates of economic and civic assimilation set Mexicans apart from other immigrants, and may reflect the fact that the large numbers of Mexican immigrants residing in the United States undocumented have few opportunities to advance themselves along these dimensions.”
By contrast, Cuban Americans are often seen as a model minority group within the larger Hispanic group. Many Cubans had higher socioeconomic status when they arrived in this country, and their anti-Communist agenda has made them welcome refugees to this country. In south Florida, especially, Cuban Americans are active in local politics and professional life. As with Asian Americans, however, being a model minority can mask the issue of powerlessness that these minority groups face in U.S. society.
Arizona’s Senate Bill 1070
As both legal and illegal immigrants, and with high population numbers, Mexican Americans are often the target of stereotyping, racism, and discrimination. A harsh example of this is in Arizona, where a stringent immigration law—known as SB 1070 (for Senate Bill 1070)—caused a nationwide controversy. Formally titled "Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act, the law requires that during a lawful stop, detention, or arrest, Arizona police officers must establish the immigration status of anyone they suspect may be here illegally. The law makes it a crime for individuals to fail to have documents confirming their legal status, and it gives police officers the right to detain people they suspect may be in the country illegally.
To many, the most troublesome aspect of this law is the latitude it affords police officers in terms of whose citizenship they may question. Having “reasonable suspicion that the person is an alien who is unlawfully present in the United States” is reason enough to demand immigration papers (Senate Bill 1070 2010). Critics say this law will encourage racial profiling (the illegal practice of law enforcement using race as a basis for suspecting someone of a crime), making it hazardous to be caught “Driving While Brown,” a takeoff on the legal term Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) or the slang reference of “Driving While Black.” Driving While Brown refers to the likelihood of getting pulled over just for being nonWhite.
SB 1070 has been the subject of many lawsuits, from parties as diverse as Arizona police officers, the American Civil Liberties Union, and even the federal government, which sued on the basis of Arizona contradicting federal immigration laws (ACLU 2011). In June 2012, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on Arizona vs. United States regarding SB 1070. The Court upheld the provision requiring immigration status checks during law enforcement stops but struck down three other provisions. The Court ruled that these provisions violated the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
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Last edited: September 17, 2024
Published: September 12, 2024
Carbon credits have rapidly gained prominence as both a tool for businesses to manage their emissions and as a market-driven solution for global climate change. While businesses strive to reduce their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, not all emissions can be eliminated immediately. This is where carbon credits come in, enabling companies to offset their unavoidable emissions by investing in verified climate projects.
As climate change continues to pose an existential threat, governments, consumers, and industries are all calling for urgent action. For companies, this translates into reducing emissions within their value chain and, where that’s not possible, using carbon credits to make up for the difference. The result is a dynamic system that not only helps companies reduce their carbon footprint but also contributes to global sustainability efforts.
At its core, a carbon credit represents one metric ton of CO2 (or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases) that has been avoided or removed from the atmosphere. The carbon market functions on a cap-and-trade system, where companies are allocated a certain number of credits based on their industry and their projected emissions.
The concept of carbon credits stems from the cap-and-trade model used to control emissions of sulfur dioxide in the U.S. in the 1990s. The system set caps on total emissions and allowed companies to buy and sell permits (credits) based on their emissions levels. Today, a similar market exists for carbon, with businesses worldwide trading credits in an effort to stay below their assigned emission limits.
The urgency of climate change requires immediate action, and many companies are turning to carbon credits as a means to meet their climate targets while they work on longer-term solutions to decarbonize. Here’s why carbon credits are so critical:
1. Encouraging Immediate Action: The science is clear—global temperatures must be kept below 1.5°C to prevent the most severe effects of climate change. For many companies, particularly those in high-emission sectors, achieving net-zero emissions within their operations alone is challenging. By purchasing carbon credits, businesses can take immediate action to mitigate their climate impact, even as they develop longer-term decarbonization strategies.
2. Global Responsibility: Carbon credits don’t just help the companies that buy them; they also fund projects around the world that have far-reaching environmental and social benefits. These projects range from reforestation and wetland restoration to renewable energy installations and carbon capture technologies. Many of these projects are located in developing nations, where the financial support from carbon credits helps drive both environmental and socio-economic progress.
3. Meeting Regulatory Requirements: Many countries now impose mandatory emission reduction targets, and businesses must meet these to avoid penalties. Carbon credits offer a way to comply with regulatory demands without shutting down critical operations. This is particularly important in industries like cement, steel, and aviation, where full decarbonization may not be feasible in the short term.
Not all carbon credits are equal in value or impact. High-quality carbon credits come from projects that not only reduce emissions but also offer co-benefits like biodiversity protection, improved air and water quality, and support for Indigenous communities. These credits are rigorously verified through standards like Gold Standard and Verified Carbon Standard (VCS), ensuring they deliver real, measurable benefits.
When companies invest in high-quality credits, they are doing more than simply offsetting their carbon emissions. They are contributing to global sustainability efforts, including the achievement of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This dual benefit helps companies decarbonize faster and improve their public image by demonstrating a commitment to broader environmental and social causes.
For companies engaging in the carbon credit market, ensuring transparency and avoiding greenwashing is critical. Greenwashing occurs when a company falsely portrays its environmental actions, often by using vague or misleading claims. To avoid this, frameworks like the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) and the Voluntary Carbon Market Integrity Initiative (VCMI) provide guidance for companies on how to credibly use carbon credits.
The SBTi encourages companies to set science-based emissions reduction targets and provides a roadmap for using carbon credits as part of a broader climate strategy. This ensures companies don’t rely solely on credits but also invest in reducing emissions throughout their value chain. The VCMI offers guidelines on making transparent claims about carbon credits, helping companies avoid misleading stakeholders about their environmental impact.
For businesses striving to reach net-zero, it’s clear that a dual approach—reducing emissions and using carbon credits for unavoidable emissions—is the most effective strategy. This allows companies to maintain operations while still taking responsibility for their environmental impact.
• Reducing Value Chain Emissions: Companies are increasingly focusing on reducing emissions throughout their value chain. This includes not just direct emissions (Scope 1 and 2) but also indirect emissions from suppliers and the use of their products (Scope 3). Reducing these emissions is critical for businesses aiming to meet the stringent climate targets set by global frameworks.
• Compensating for Unavoidable Emissions: Some emissions, especially in industries like cement, steel, or energy production, cannot be eliminated immediately. For these emissions, companies turn to carbon credits to bridge the gap until more sustainable technologies become available.
Scope 3 emissions, which include indirect emissions from the supply chain and product use, are often the largest part of a company’s carbon footprint. These emissions are notoriously difficult to tackle because they occur outside of a company’s direct control.
However, frameworks like SBTi’s Beyond Value Chain Mitigation (BVCM) allow businesses to use carbon credits to address Scope 3 emissions. By investing in high-quality carbon offset projects, companies can make meaningful contributions to global carbon reduction efforts while also working to decarbonize their supply chains. For many businesses, this dual strategy is the only feasible way to achieve net-zero targets within the required timeframe.
While carbon credits are essential in the short term, they are not a substitute for long-term emissions reduction strategies. Relying solely on credits without reducing emissions internally could lead to criticism and potential regulatory risks. The goal should be to use carbon credits as a temporary solution while steadily working towards a zero-carbon future.
As the global climate crisis deepens, carbon credits offer businesses a flexible, market-driven solution to reducing their environmental impact. By combining carbon credits with ambitious emissions reduction strategies, companies can meet their climate targets while contributing to a sustainable future.
For businesses, the key to success lies in transparency, adherence to global standards, and a commitment to high-quality carbon credits that deliver both environmental and social benefits. Whether used to compensate for Scope 3 emissions or to comply with tightening regulations, carbon credits are a powerful tool for responsible climate action.
Pre-Issuance and Pre-Financing: Unlocking Opportunities in the Voluntary Carbon Market
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<urn:uuid:453d5b61-6a5b-45fd-8b7c-5f50db82b4fb>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://orbify.com/blog/how-carbon-credits-and-emission-reduction-strategies-are-shaping-the-future-of-sustainability
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2025-06-24T20:08:04Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.943551
| 1,410
| 3.40625
| 3
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Table of Contents
Incorporating Storytelling Techniques from ‘Everybody Hates Chris’ into a Comedic Video Game
1. Relatable Humor through Storytelling
One effective technique from ‘Everybody Hates Chris’ is its ability to craft humor that resonates with the audience’s everyday experiences. By weaving scenarios familiar to players into the narrative arcs, developers can create a sense of connection that enhances the comedic impact. For instance, integrating tasks or challenges based on common social dilemmas or childhood pranks can evoke laughter and nostalgia.
2. Character-driven Comedy Arcs
The show excels at developing character-driven plots where humor arises naturally from the characters’ personalities and interactions. To translate this into a game, focus on strong, distinctive character traits and design situations that leverage these traits to create comedic tension and resolution. For example, if a character is known for their exaggerated clumsiness, designing a puzzle where this trait becomes both a hindrance and a solution can enhance comedic storytelling.
New challenges and adventures await!
3. Episodic Structure in Games
Adopting an episodic structure similar to the show can help sustain player interest and allow for varied comedic scenarios. Each episode (or game level) can introduce a new, self-contained storyline that contributes to the overall narrative. This structure not only allows for flexible story pacing but also enables developers to experiment with different comedic styles and settings.
4. Situational Comedy in Gaming
The series employs situational comedy effectively, often placing characters in absurd yet believable situations. Translating this to a game requires designing environments and game mechanics that encourage spontaneous, humorous outcomes. Implementing reactive AI or physics-based interactions can lead to unexpected and funny gameplay moments.
5. Personal yet Universal Themes
‘Everybody Hates Chris’ often mixes personal anecdotes with universal themes relatable to a wide audience. For a game, this means crafting story arcs that reflect both specific character backstories and broader, universally understood themes, such as dealing with authority or family dynamics, making the humor accessible to a diverse player base.
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<urn:uuid:860d87f8-b206-438b-9f2c-171148c039db>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://playgama.com/blog/general/what-storytelling-techniques-from-everybody-hates-chris-could-be-used-to-develop-engaging-narrative-arcs-in-a-comedic-video-game/
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2025-06-24T19:29:21Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.897051
| 432
| 2.578125
| 3
|
William Ford is a policy advocate at Protect Democracy, where he supports the organization's work to strengthen legislative guardrails against abuses of executive power.
In 1908, when Woodrow Wilson made the case for the vigorous exercise of presidential authority to lead the nation in “times of stress and change,” he sought to calm fears that doing so would upset the Constitution’s careful balancing of power between the president and Congress. Wilson argued that if Congress “be overborne” by an assertive chief executive, it would be “from no lack of constitutional powers on its part.”
In the years since, presidents of both parties have embraced and acted on a broad vision of their authority. This has led to the steady expansion of executive power—a trend the Justice Department’s Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) has helped facilitate by issuing legal opinions that support a broad understanding of the scope of the president’s powers. Congress not only has acquiesced to this expansion of power but also has ceded authority to the president, including by passing sweeping statutory authorizations for the use of military force unconstrained by sunset provisions or geographic restrictions….
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<urn:uuid:22c7f4d2-858f-4ba7-bf39-51b4b1fb6260>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://protectdemocracy.org/work/what-might-a-congressional-counterpart-to-the-office-of-legal-counsel-look-like/
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2025-06-24T20:18:39Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965554
| 239
| 3.234375
| 3
|
Recent research has documented microplastic particles (< 5 mm in diameter) in ocean habitats worldwide and in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Microplastic interacts with biota, including microorganisms, in these habitats, raising concerns about its ecological effects. Rivers may transport microplastic to marine habitats and the Great Lakes, but data on microplastic in rivers is limited. In a highly urbanized river in Chicago, Illinois, USA, we measured concentrations of microplastic that met or exceeded those measured in oceans and the Great Lakes, and we demonstrated that wastewater treatment plant effluent was a point source of microplastic. Results from high-throughput sequencing showed that bacterial assemblages colonizing microplastic within the river were less diverse and were significantly different in taxonomic composition compared to those from the water column and suspended organic matter. Several taxa that include plastic decomposing organisms and pathogens were more abundant on microplastic. These results demonstrate that microplastic in rivers are a distinct microbial habitat and may be a novel vector for the downstream transport of unique bacterial assemblages. In addition, this study suggests that urban rivers are an overlooked and potentially significant component of the global microplastic life cycle.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
- General Chemistry
- Environmental Chemistry
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<urn:uuid:e13b8299-cd43-4cad-b44d-c6f45c02e76c>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://pure.psu.edu/en/publications/microplastic-is-an-abundant-and-distinct-microbial-habitat-in-an-
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2025-06-24T19:42:33Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936588
| 262
| 3.25
| 3
|
The sequence 16.252.214 functions as an IP address, a fundamental component in digital communication. Its structure reveals critical information about network placement and device identification. Analyzing such sequences allows for insights into data routing and security protocols. Understanding the significance of this numeric string raises questions about its origin, purpose, and potential vulnerabilities. Exploring these aspects uncovers the intricate systems that underpin modern connectivity and their ongoing evolution.
Deciphering the Meaning Behind 16.252.214
What is the significance of the numerical sequence 16.252.214, and how can its underlying meaning be systematically interpreted?
Analyzing this sequence reveals vital insights into geographical mapping and cybersecurity implications.
Recognizing its structure enables defenders to track digital footprints, enhance security protocols, and safeguard the freedom to navigate interconnected systems without undue intrusion or control.
The Role of IP Addresses in Digital Communication
Building on the understanding of numerical sequences such as 16.252.214, it becomes evident that IP addresses serve as fundamental identifiers within digital communication networks. They enable precise routing through network protocols.
But also raise privacy concerns by exposing user locations. Vigilant management of IP data is essential for safeguarding individual freedom while maintaining seamless connectivity.
How Numeric Sequences Are Used in Data Management
Numerical sequences form the backbone of data management systems, enabling the organization, classification, and retrieval of vast information repositories.
Vigilant analysis of data formatting and sequence patterns ensures integrity and accessibility.
This precise structuring grants users freedom from chaos, fostering efficient navigation through complex datasets, where each numeric arrangement unlocks clarity and control over information flows.
The Significance of Identifiers in Modern Technology
How do identifiers underpin the functionality and security of contemporary technological systems? Digital fingerprinting and device recognition serve as vital tools, enabling precise tracking and authentication. They safeguard data integrity and user privacy, empowering individuals to maintain control over digital interactions.
Vigilant application of identifiers fosters a landscape where freedom persists through robust, unobtrusive security mechanisms.
The sequence 16.252.214 exemplifies the intricate precision inherent in digital identification systems. Its seemingly arbitrary numbers conceal a vital role in the vast web of modern connectivity, serving as a critical link in data routing and security. Recognizing such identifiers underscores the delicate balance between technological advancement and vulnerability—highlighting how mere digits can unexpectedly influence global information flow. In this silent code, the universe of digital trust silently persists, reminding analysts of the profound significance behind every numeric sequence.
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<urn:uuid:cdba26a2-8f48-4039-bbe0-8537fd20af55>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
|
https://rdxhd.org/16-252-214/
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2025-06-24T19:10:51Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.858747
| 506
| 2.875
| 3
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Link to Pubmed [PMID] – 27681128
J. Virol. 2016 Nov;90(24):11043-11055
Archaea and particularly hyperthermophilic crenarchaea are hosts to many unusual viruses with diverse virion shapes and distinct gene compositions. As is typical of viruses in general, there are no universal genes in the archaeal virosphere. Therefore, to obtain a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary relationships between viruses, network analysis methods are more productive than traditional phylogenetic approaches. Here we present a comprehensive comparative analysis of genomes and proteomes from all currently known taxonomically classified and unclassified, cultivated and uncultivated archaeal viruses. We constructed a bipartite network of archaeal viruses that includes two classes of nodes, the genomes and gene families that connect them. Dissection of this network using formal community detection methods reveals strong modularity with 10 distinct modules and 3 putative supermodules. However, compared to the previously analyzed similar networks of eukaryotic and bacterial viruses, the archaeal virus network is sparsely connected. With the exception of the tailed viruses related to the bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales and the families Turriviridae and Sphaerolipoviridae that are linked to a distinct supermodule of eukaryotic viruses, there are few connector genes shared by different archaeal virus modules. In contrast, most of these modules include, in addition to viruses, capsid-less mobile elements, emphasizing tight evolutionary connections between the two types of entities in archaea. The relative contributions of distinct evolutionary origins, in particular from non-viral elements, and insufficient sampling to the sparsity of the archaeal virus network remain to be determined by further exploration of the archaeal virosphere.
IMPORTANCE: Viruses infecting archaea are among the most mysterious denizens of the virosphere. Many of these viruses display no genetic or even morphological relationship to viruses of bacteria and eukaryotes, raising questions regarding their origins and position in the global virosphere. Analysis of 5740 protein sequences from 116 genomes allowed dissection of the archaeal virus network and showed that most groups of the archaeal viruses are evolutionarily connected to capsid-less mobile genetic elements, including various plasmids and transposons. This finding could reflect actual independent origins of the distinct groups of archaeal viruses from different non-viral elements, providing important insights into the emergence and evolution of the archaeal virome.
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<urn:uuid:8395ed47-abf9-4ae5-9e72-c7439421394b>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
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https://research.pasteur.fr/en/publication/bipartite-network-analysis-of-the-archaeal-virosphere-evolutionary-connections-between-viruses-and-capsid-less-mobile-elements/
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2025-06-24T20:25:06Z
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
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en
| 0.892421
| 531
| 2.625
| 3
|
In the book “Finding Mecca in America,” Mucahit Bilici describes Islam as becoming an American religion from the perspective of immigrants and converts to Islam. The novel touches on cultural settlement, explaining how American Muslims embrace and find harmony between the host culture and Islamic values. This is seen through reflection of five key themes: the compass of Mecca, English as a language, the redirection of America into Islam, the development of American Muslim culture, and the function of Islamic institutions in America(Bilici, 2012). Through examining different case studies and personal stories, Bilici concludes that the high directionality towards Mecca is one of the key points that make up the Muslim experience in America. For Muslims, whether they physically travel to Mecca or spiritually through their devotion and yearning, Mecca is the ultimate destination. Muslims pray in the direction of the Kabbah, located in Mecca, and it is also where millions of Muslims around the world visit to perform hajj or pilgrimage(Bilici, 2012). Thus, it becomes a unifying and identity-forming symbol. The sharpness of the English language is a mighty issue in the making of an American Muslim, as is witnessing the struggle to translate one’s religion into a new language and new environment.
Muslims are viewed as immigrants and are the focus of the study on naturalization. They should be well integrated into their new country to become full citizens; they strive to accomplish this. It demands renting the balance between their Islamic belief as well as traditions and the American culture that primarily results in a distinct American Muslim identity different from the traditional Islamic identity. It has been under the influence of Islamic institutions in the USA that is a sort of platform where members of the Muslim community can communicate, educate, and practice their religion in a foreign land. He does this by building his approach on the theoretical framework of cultural sociology and hermeneutics, where the interpretation of cultural phenomena is emphasized as the primary focus (Bilici, 2012). This study is conducted with a reflection that focuses on the incidents and views of Muslim immigrants and converts to understand how they assimilate into the culture of America while holding onto their Islamic identity.
Chapter 2: “The English Language and Islam: Genealogy of an Encounter”
Based on chapter 2 of the book, Bilici discusses the social aspects of how English and Islamic cultures have interacted in America over time. He talks about the difficulties of Muslim immigrants who are used to speaking a foreign language and trying to adapt to the new culture and about the efforts of Muslims who are considering transforming English into a “Muslim language.” This chapter examines a contradiction between the roots and the state of being an American, all of which formed the new identity of Islam in America. Bilici further addresses the function of translation that has been instrumental in segmenting the gap between English and Islam. It is also apparent that the perception of Muslim immigrants in American society has been influenced through translation.
His exploration of “linguistic Islam” revolves around using Arabic and other languages with deep roots in Islam to strengthen cultural and social identity(Bilici, 2012). The author reflects on the difficulties of Muslim Americans in keeping their Islamic speech and spirituality intact while using English in a society where they need to adjust and integrate. It has led to the birth of a hybrid identity. Bilici applies multiple approaches using various theories, such as the one proposed by Benedict Anderson concerning “imagined communities,” to elaborate on how language is used to consolidate the group identity. Drawing on the thesis of sociology Pierre Bourdieu, it also explores the use of power and vulnerability of the language and social positions of immigration groups.
Bilici illustrates the Muslim community’s view on the Qur’an translation into English and the discussion of the English language in Friday sermons. He, in addition, explains how the English language has become a tool in the somehow perceiving of Islam in America and that it is sometimes used to label every Muslim as an outsider or a foreigner(Bilici, 2012). The writing emphasized an alternative view of the bond between language and Islam in America. According to Bilici’s arguments, a more comprehensive and deep understanding of linguistic and cultural factors can contribute to bridging the cultural gap between Native Americans and Muslims and the renewed existence of living together in society.
The conclusion of this chapter examines how Muslim perceptions and approaches to the English language have evolved, shifting from initial defensive suspicion to an embrace and adaptation of English to fit an Islamic worldview and lifestyle (Bilici, 2012). It traces the tension Muslims, especially immigrants, felt between the authentic Islamic conception of the world and the linguistic structures of English. Thinkers like Al-Faruqi articulated a vision of “Islamic English” – bending and reshaping English to properly accommodate Islamic concepts and remove its perceived Christian/colonial baggage.
As Muslims became more settled in English-speaking societies, there was a need to standardize and establish agreed-upon rules around “Islamic English” practices. Once achieved, the earlier anxieties around Muslims using English would recede into the background as a new accepted linguistic order emerges. The process of culturally settling Islam within the linguistic habitat of English-speaking America is ongoing, producing tensions that require Muslim leaders to transform the current diversity of practices into standardized norms. The “triumph” of this new Islamic linguistic system will provide an orientation currently lacking in the relationship between English and American Muslims.
An ethnography is the study of a people/culture, and in this book, Bilici is studying American Muslims, some of whom are immigrants and some who are already U.S. citizens. So far, this book is very interesting. As a Muslim American myself, most of the topics in the book were familiar to me, which is part of why I chose it in the first place. Based on my feeling, this book is very accurate for many Muslims, especially when Bilici mentioned how the attack on September 11 changed everything for Muslims in America, which is still relevant to this day. In class, we discussed the importance of language, and for many Muslims, Arabic is very sacred(Bilici, 2012). Sure, there are many translations of the Quran, but most of the time, the true meaning gets lost in translation since Arabic is such an articulate language. So, it is very hard to understand the true meaning of the Quran unless you know or study Arabic. This is why it is so important for Muslim Americans to preserve the Arabic language and to teach their children the language as well.
Bilici, M. (2012). Finding Mecca in America: How Islam Is Becoming an AmericanReligion. University of Chicago Press. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Finding_Mecca_in_America/mrodlTukLwQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=finding+mecca+in+america&printsec=frontcover
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<urn:uuid:f6b021b1-a458-4bcd-9504-6ea22a1653f6>
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CC-MAIN-2025-26
|
https://samples.freshessays.com/ethnographic-project-summary.html
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2025-06-24T20:10:55Z
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2025-26/segments/1749709779871.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20250624182959-20250624212959-00945.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950306
| 1,430
| 3.046875
| 3
|
A stuffed toy animal typically resembling a bear, often made of plush fabric and filled with soft material, serves as a popular comfort object for children and, occasionally, adults. These toys vary in size, design, and material, ranging from simple, classic designs to more elaborate, character-based versions.
The enduring popularity of these comforting companions stems from their ability to provide emotional security and imaginative play opportunities. Historically, they emerged in the early 20th century, inspired by then-president Theodore Roosevelt’s refusal to shoot a bear cub during a hunting trip. This widely publicized event led to the creation of the original toy bears, solidifying their place in popular culture. Their continued presence signifies their significance as cherished childhood keepsakes and symbols of comfort and innocence.
Further exploration will delve into the manufacturing process, cultural impact, and the evolution of these beloved toys throughout history, examining their diverse roles in childhood development, collecting, and popular culture.
Caring for Plush Toys
Proper care ensures the longevity and preservation of these cherished companions. Following these guidelines will help maintain their condition and sentimental value.
Tip 1: Surface Cleaning: Regular surface cleaning removes dust and allergens. Employ a damp cloth or sponge with mild detergent, gently wiping the surface. Avoid excessive moisture, which can damage the filling.
Tip 2: Deep Cleaning: For more thorough cleaning, check the manufacturer’s label for specific instructions. Many are machine washable on a gentle cycle using cold water. Air drying is recommended to prevent damage and maintain shape.
Tip 3: Stain Removal: Address stains promptly using a stain remover specifically designed for delicate fabrics. Test in an inconspicuous area first to ensure colorfastness.
Tip 4: Repairing Damage: Small tears or seam separations can be repaired using a needle and thread. Matching the thread color to the toy’s fabric ensures a discreet repair.
Tip 5: Storage: Store in a clean, dry environment away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Consider breathable containers or fabric bags to prevent dust accumulation and preserve their condition.
Tip 6: Avoiding Hazards: Ensure toys are free of loose parts or potential choking hazards, especially for young children. Regularly inspect for wear and tear, addressing any safety concerns promptly.
Following these care instructions will significantly extend the lifespan of these treasured possessions, preserving their sentimental value for years to come.
These maintenance guidelines contribute to preserving not only the physical integrity of these cherished items but also the memories and emotional connections they represent. This careful preservation ensures that these companions continue to offer comfort and joy throughout the years.
Softness represents a defining characteristic of the teddy rabbit, directly influencing its appeal and function. This tactile quality stems from the materials used in its construction, typically plush fabrics like mohair, plush, or synthetic furs. The filling, often composed of cotton, polyester fibers, or other soft materials, further enhances this sensation. This inherent softness contributes significantly to the comforting and soothing nature of the toy, making it a preferred companion for children and a source of tactile pleasure. For instance, the soft texture encourages cuddling and physical interaction, fostering a sense of security and emotional attachment. The gentle, yielding nature of the materials provides a sense of comfort and relaxation, often aiding in sleep or stress reduction.
The importance of softness extends beyond mere tactile pleasure. It contributes to the perceived safety and non-threatening nature of the toy, allowing children to develop emotional bonds and engage in imaginative play without apprehension. The absence of hard or sharp edges further reinforces this sense of security. Furthermore, the softness enhances the toy’s durability, allowing it to withstand the rigors of childhood play, including squeezing, hugging, and even rough handling. This resilience ensures the toy remains a comforting presence throughout childhood. For example, a well-loved, softened-with-age teddy rabbit often becomes an irreplaceable childhood keepsake, its worn softness a testament to the enduring bond between child and toy.
In conclusion, softness serves as a crucial element in the design and appeal of the teddy rabbit. Its contribution to comfort, security, and durability underscores its significance as a beloved childhood companion. Understanding this connection provides insights into the enduring popularity and psychological impact of these toys. This understanding can inform design choices for future iterations, ensuring the preservation of this essential quality in forthcoming generations of comforting companions.
Comfort represents a primary function and a key factor in the enduring appeal of the teddy rabbit. This sense of comfort derives from several interconnected factors, including the soft tactile qualities of the materials, the familiar and predictable shape, and the consistent availability of the toy as a source of solace. The soft textures of plush fur or other fabrics invite physical closeness, encouraging cuddling and tactile exploration. This physical interaction can trigger the release of endorphins, promoting a sense of calm and well-being. The teddy rabbit’s unchanging form provides a sense of stability and predictability in a child’s world, offering a constant source of reassurance, especially during times of stress or change. For example, a child might turn to their teddy rabbit for comfort during a thunderstorm, a doctor’s visit, or the first day of school. The toy’s consistent presence reinforces its role as a secure attachment object, contributing to emotional regulation and a sense of safety.
The practical significance of understanding this connection between comfort and teddy rabbits extends beyond childhood. Recognizing the comforting qualities of these objects informs therapeutic applications, such as their use in hospitals or during times of grief and loss. Adults may also retain or rediscover a fondness for these objects, finding comfort in their familiarity and the nostalgic associations they evoke. For instance, keeping a childhood teddy rabbit might offer a tangible link to the past, providing comfort and a sense of continuity during periods of transition or uncertainty. Studies have shown that tactile objects can reduce anxiety and promote feelings of security, further validating the importance of comfort in the appeal of these toys. The consistent shape and predictable texture offer a sensory anchor, promoting a sense of groundedness and stability.
In conclusion, comfort serves as a foundational element in the enduring relationship between humans and teddy rabbits. This connection stems from a combination of tactile, emotional, and psychological factors. Understanding the multifaceted nature of this comfort allows for its practical application in various therapeutic and personal contexts. Further research could explore the specific physiological and psychological mechanisms underlying this comfort response, potentially leading to more targeted interventions for anxiety reduction and emotional well-being. The enduring popularity of the teddy rabbit suggests a deep-seated human need for comfort and security, highlighting the importance of these objects in providing solace and emotional support throughout the lifespan.
3. Childhood companion
The role of the teddy rabbit as a childhood companion stems from its inherent characteristics and the developmental needs of children. Softness, a consistent shape, and a neutral expression contribute to a sense of safety and predictability, allowing children to form attachments. These attachments serve as a foundation for emotional development, providing a secure base for exploration and play. The teddy rabbit becomes a confidant, a silent listener, and a source of comfort during times of stress or change. For example, a child might share secrets with their teddy rabbit, involve it in imaginative play scenarios, or seek its comforting presence during a bedtime routine. This constant companionship fosters a sense of belonging and security, contributing to a child’s developing sense of self and their understanding of relationships.
The practical significance of this companionship extends beyond emotional support. Teddy rabbits often become integral to a child’s imaginative play, serving as proxies for other characters or even extensions of the child themselves. This imaginative play fosters creativity, problem-solving skills, and social development. For instance, a child might use their teddy rabbit to act out social situations, explore different roles and emotions, or practice nurturing behaviors. The teddy rabbit, as a silent and non-judgmental participant, provides a safe space for such exploration. Furthermore, a well-loved teddy rabbit can ease transitions, such as starting school or sleeping in a new environment. The familiar presence of the toy offers a sense of continuity and comfort, reducing anxiety and promoting a sense of security in unfamiliar situations.
In conclusion, the teddy rabbit’s significance as a childhood companion derives from its capacity to provide comfort, security, and a platform for imaginative play. This companionship plays a vital role in emotional, social, and cognitive development. Understanding the depth of this connection highlights the importance of transitional objects in childhood and provides valuable insights for parents, educators, and therapists. Further research could explore the long-term impact of these childhood companionships on adult relationships and emotional well-being. Acknowledging the profound influence of these seemingly simple toys contributes to a deeper understanding of childhood development and the enduring power of comforting objects.
4. Collectible Item
The teddy rabbit’s status as a collectible item stems from a confluence of historical significance, craftsmanship, and nostalgic appeal. Early examples, particularly those associated with the historical origins surrounding President Theodore Roosevelt, hold considerable value. Limited edition releases, artist-designed versions, and those produced by renowned manufacturers like Steiff further contribute to collectibility. The rarity of certain models, combined with their historical and cultural significance, drives demand within the collector market. For example, antique Steiff bears, with their distinctive button-in-ear trademark, often command high prices at auctions, reflecting their historical significance and perceived value as investment pieces. The meticulous craftsmanship involved in creating these collectibles, including hand-stitching, high-quality materials, and intricate detailing, further enhances their desirability.
The teddy rabbit’s collectibility also derives from its powerful connection to childhood memories and emotional attachments. These objects often serve as tangible links to the past, representing cherished moments and personal histories. This nostalgic association contributes to their perceived value, transforming them from mere playthings into treasured keepsakes. For instance, a teddy rabbit received as a childhood gift might hold immense sentimental value, representing a specific relationship or period in one’s life. This emotional connection fuels the desire to collect and preserve these objects, ensuring the continuation of personal narratives and familial histories. The act of collecting itself fosters a sense of community among enthusiasts, providing opportunities for sharing knowledge, exchanging items, and celebrating the enduring appeal of these comforting companions. Online forums, dedicated collector events, and specialized publications facilitate these interactions, reinforcing the social dimension of collecting.
In conclusion, the teddy rabbit’s status as a collectible item reflects a complex interplay of historical significance, craftsmanship, and emotional resonance. Recognizing these factors provides insights into the motivations behind collecting and the cultural significance of these objects. This understanding extends beyond the realm of collecting, informing broader discussions surrounding material culture, nostalgia, and the enduring power of emotional attachments. Further research could explore the economic impact of the teddy rabbit collector market and the evolving trends within this specialized field. Analyzing the specific characteristics that contribute to an item’s collectibility can provide valuable insights for manufacturers, collectors, and cultural historians alike, furthering appreciation for these cherished objects and their enduring appeal across generations.
5. Gift for all ages
The suitability of the teddy rabbit as a gift across age groups stems from its versatile nature and its capacity to evoke a range of positive emotions. For children, it represents a comforting companion, fostering imaginative play and providing emotional security. For adults, it can evoke nostalgia, symbolize enduring affection, or serve as a decorative item reflecting personal interests. This broad appeal allows the teddy rabbit to transcend typical age-based gift-giving conventions. For example, a vintage teddy rabbit gifted to an adult might represent a cherished childhood memory or a connection to family history. A personalized teddy rabbit given to a child can mark a special occasion like a birth or christening, becoming a treasured keepsake. The adaptability of the teddy rabbit to various symbolic meanings contributes to its suitability as a gift for diverse recipients and occasions. This adaptability allows it to convey a range of sentiments, from playful affection to heartfelt condolences.
The practical significance of understanding this broad appeal lies in its implications for retailers, manufacturers, and individuals seeking meaningful gifts. Recognizing the teddy rabbit’s versatility enables targeted marketing strategies and personalized gift selections. For retailers, this understanding informs inventory decisions and display strategies. Manufacturers can cater to diverse demographics by designing teddy rabbits that appeal to specific age groups or interests, like character-themed teddy rabbits for children or collector’s edition teddy rabbits for adults. This nuanced approach maximizes market reach and strengthens the teddy rabbit’s position as a perennial gift choice. The enduring popularity of the teddy rabbit as a gift also contributes to the economic viability of the plush toy industry, supporting jobs and driving innovation within the sector. For example, the continued demand for these items fuels the creation of new designs, materials, and manufacturing techniques, ensuring the ongoing evolution of this classic toy.
In conclusion, the teddy rabbit’s suitability as a gift for all ages reflects its enduring appeal and capacity to evoke a range of emotions, from childhood comfort to adult nostalgia. This versatility presents significant opportunities within the gift-giving market and contributes to the teddy rabbit’s sustained cultural relevance. Further analysis might explore the evolving trends in teddy rabbit design and marketing, examining how manufacturers adapt to changing consumer preferences and cultural influences. Understanding the enduring appeal of the teddy rabbit as a gift provides valuable insights into consumer behavior, emotional connections, and the symbolic power of objects. This knowledge contributes to a broader understanding of gift-giving practices and the role of material objects in expressing human relationships and commemorating significant life events.
6. Enduring Popularity
The enduring popularity of the teddy rabbit transcends fleeting trends, reflecting a deep-seated connection to comfort, nostalgia, and cultural significance. Examining the multifaceted nature of this sustained appeal reveals insights into the enduring power of this seemingly simple toy.
- Cross-Generational Appeal
The teddy rabbit’s appeal spans generations, resonating with children and adults alike. For children, it offers comfort and companionship. For adults, it evokes nostalgia and serves as a tangible link to childhood memories. This cross-generational appeal ensures a continuous cycle of consumers, contributing to sustained market demand. For example, parents who cherished teddy rabbits in their own childhood are likely to introduce these toys to their children, perpetuating the tradition and reinforcing the enduring popularity of the teddy rabbit.
- Adaptability and Evolution
The teddy rabbit has demonstrated remarkable adaptability, evolving alongside changing cultural trends. From classic designs to character-based versions, limited editions, and artist collaborations, the teddy rabbit continually reinvents itself while retaining its core comforting qualities. This adaptability ensures its continued relevance in a dynamic marketplace. The emergence of personalized teddy rabbits, incorporating individual names or messages, further exemplifies this adaptability, catering to contemporary desires for customized products.
- Psychological and Emotional Significance
The enduring popularity of the teddy rabbit stems from its ability to fulfill deep-seated psychological and emotional needs. It offers comfort, security, and a sense of continuity throughout the lifespan. These emotional connections foster enduring attachments, transforming the teddy rabbit from a mere plaything into a cherished keepsake. Research exploring the therapeutic benefits of transitional objects like teddy rabbits further reinforces this psychological significance.
- Cultural Representation in Media and Literature
The teddy rabbit’s pervasive presence in popular culture, including literature, film, and television, contributes to its enduring popularity. From classic children’s books like Winnie-the-Pooh to contemporary animated films, the teddy rabbit frequently appears as a comforting and familiar figure. This consistent representation reinforces its cultural significance and strengthens its position as a beloved icon. This ongoing presence in media ensures continued visibility and reinforces the teddy rabbit’s position within the collective cultural consciousness.
These interconnected facets contribute to the teddy rabbit’s enduring popularity, solidifying its position as a timeless classic. Understanding these factors provides insights into consumer behavior, emotional connections, and the enduring power of comforting objects. The continued relevance of the teddy rabbit suggests a deep-seated human need for comfort and connection, highlighting the enduring appeal of objects that provide solace, security, and a tangible link to cherished memories. This ongoing popularity underscores the teddy rabbit’s significance not only as a toy but also as a cultural artifact reflecting enduring human values and emotional needs.
Frequently Asked Questions
This section addresses common inquiries regarding stuffed toy animals resembling bears, offering concise and informative responses.
Question 1: What materials are typically used in their construction?
Common materials include plush fabrics like mohair, plush, or synthetic furs for the exterior and fillings such as cotton, polyester fibers, or other soft materials.
Question 2: How should these toys be cleaned?
Surface cleaning can be achieved with a damp cloth and mild detergent. Many are machine washable; however, always refer to the manufacturer’s label for specific instructions. Air drying is generally recommended.
Question 3: What is their historical significance?
Their origin is linked to President Theodore Roosevelt’s refusal to shoot a bear cub in 1902. This event inspired the creation of the original toy bears, solidifying their place in popular culture.
Question 4: Why are they considered suitable gifts for various age groups?
They offer comfort and companionship to children, while evoking nostalgia and sentimental value for adults, making them appropriate for a range of recipients and occasions.
Question 5: What contributes to their collectibility?
Factors contributing to collectibility include historical significance, limited edition releases, artist-designed versions, renowned manufacturers like Steiff, and the rarity of specific models.
Question 6: What are the benefits of these toys for child development?
These toys can aid in emotional development by providing comfort and security, fostering imaginative play, and facilitating social skills development through role-playing and interaction.
Understanding these aspects provides a comprehensive overview of these cherished companions, highlighting their historical significance, care requirements, and enduring appeal.
Further sections will explore specific examples of notable manufacturers, historical milestones, and the evolving trends within the plush toy industry.
This exploration has provided a comprehensive overview of the teddy rabbit, examining its multifaceted nature as a comforting companion, a collectible item, and a cultural icon. From its historical origins to its enduring popularity, the significance of the teddy rabbit transcends its seemingly simple form. The analysis of its softness, comfort, and role as a childhood companion illuminated its psychological and emotional impact. Furthermore, the discussion of its collectibility and suitability as a gift for all ages underscored its enduring appeal and cultural relevance. The exploration of care instructions emphasized the importance of preserving these cherished objects, ensuring their longevity and the continuation of associated memories.
The enduring presence of the teddy rabbit in popular culture signifies its continued resonance within the collective consciousness. This enduring appeal suggests a fundamental human need for comfort, security, and tangible connections to personal histories. Further research into the evolving trends in design, manufacturing, and collecting promises to provide deeper insights into the evolving relationship between humans and these cherished companions. The teddy rabbit’s capacity to evoke comfort and inspire imagination ensures its continued relevance in a world characterized by constant change, reaffirming its position as a timeless symbol of childhood, comfort, and enduring affection.
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Imagine yourself in the not-so-distant future, living in a smart home where your appliances are connected to your alarm. They brew coffee for you as soon as you wake up and automatically turn on lights as you walk through your house. Perhaps you already have started incorporating devices like these into your daily life – but imagine it taken one step further. Voice commands become part of your everyday routine as computing devices read your messages and schedule to you while you get ready for the day. Your car drives you to work via the least congested route, which allows you to catch up on the news or prep for your morning meetings.
These scenarios might sound like science fiction, but actually are all part of the Internet of Things (IoT). But what is IoT and how might it affect you sooner than you think? Read on for the answer.
What is the Internet of Things?
According to Wired, the Internet of Things – or as it is sometimes known, the Internet of Everything (IoE) – refers to everything connected to the internet, but the definition is a little more complicated than that. For instance, the term “IoT” is increasingly being used to denote objects that “talk” to each other – devices like simple sensors, smartphones, and wearables that all communicate. According to Business Insider, even cars, kitchen appliances, and heart monitors can be connected through IoT. By combining these devices using automated systems, the objects are able to gather information, analyze it and create an action, such as learn from a process or help with a particular task. When it comes to IoT, it is all about data (link to Stefanini article about big data).
Terms to Know
As mentioned above, IoT encompasses any stand-alone internet-connected device that can be controlled and/or monitored from a remote location. And as smaller, more powerful chips are developed, almost all these types of products can be considered IoT devices.
Here are some terms to know:
· IoT ecosystem
The components that enable consumers, governments, and businesses to connect to their IoT devices, such as remotes, dashboards, networks, gateways, analytics, data storage and security.
Consumers, governments, and businesses all make up bodies that interact with and benefit from IoT devices.
· Physical layer
Hardware such as sensors and networking gear that make up the hardware underlying an IoT device.
· Network layer
Transmits the data collected by the physical layer to different devices.
· Application layer
Includes interfaces and protocols that devices use to identify and communicate with one another.
Allows entities to utilize IoT devices to connect with and control using a dashboard like a mobile application. Smartphones, tablets, PCs, connected TVs, smartwatches and nontraditional remotes all make up these types of devices.
Refers to the device that displays information about IoT ecosystem to users. It enables them to control their IoT ecosystem and is usually housed on a remote.
Used for a wide variety of scenarios, such as predictive maintenance, these software systems analyze the data generated by IoT devices.
· Data storage
Where data from IoT devices is saved.
Can sometimes enable devices to communicate with each other, but mostly allows the entity to communicate with their device.
How Does the Internet of Things Work?
The IoT is made up of all the web-enabled devices that collect, send and act on data they acquire from their surrounding environments. These use embedded sensors, processors and communication hardware to gather various sorts of readings, such as temperature, moisture, and light, as well as communication hardware that can send and receive signals. These smart devices have the ability to talk to other related devices, which is called “machine-to-machine (M2M) communication,” and react based on the information they receive from one another. M2M communication has been in existence for quite some time, with How Stuff Works estimating that it started with the telemetric systems of the early 20th century, which transmitted encoded readings over satellite communications, radio waves or phone lines. Humans become involved with IoT by setting up gadgets, giving them instructions or access to data; however, the devices do most of the work on their own without human interaction. The existence of these devices is made possible through small mobile components, as well as the always-online attributes of our home and business networks.
The processing of data on web-connected servers in large data centers – also known as the cloud – has allowed many everyday gadgets to become part of IoT. These devices are able to connect to the internet by sending data to your phone or via some other dedicated hardware that acts as a hub over a local communication method, such as Bluetooth. The connection can be made directly through a home’s router or modem via WiFi or Ethernet cords, cable or power line networking. Cellular communication is another way these devices communicate.
The History of the Internet of Things
The IoT might be in its infancy, but according to IoT Analytics, the term itself is at least 16 years old. The idea to connect devices first originated in the 70s and was called “pervasive computing” or “embedded internet.” The actual term “Internet of Things” was created by Kevin Ashton in 1999. As a worker in supply chain optimization, he wanted to get the attention of senior management to a new opportunity in technology called RFID. Since the internet was still beginning to develop in 1999 and was somewhat trendy, he called his presentation “Internet of Things.” Yet, the term did not get widespread attention until some ten years later.
The concept began to gain some popularity in the summer of 2010. Google was at the forefront, with information leaking that Google’s Streetview service had stored a ton of data on people’s WIFi networks while they were taking 360 degree pictures. At the same time, the Chinese government announced that it would make IoT a strategic priority in their Five-Year-Plan. And in 2011, Gartner included the emerging phenomena on their list as “The Internet of Things.” The “Internet of Things” was then the theme of Europe’s biggest Internet conference, LeWeb. From there, popular magazines like Wired and Fast Company started using IoT to describe the phenomenon.
In October 2013, IDC published a report that stated IoT would be an $8.9 trillion market in 2020. Further, that year Navigant Research predicted that the worldwide installed base of smart meters would grow from 313 million in 2013 to nearly 1.1 billion in 2022. Mass market awareness was reached in January 2014, when Google announced they were going to buy Nest for $3.2 billion. The Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas then held their conference under the theme of IoT.
From there, the IoT continued to grow until it became the ever-evolving entity we know today.
The Vastness of IoT
As mentioned above, IoT encompasses the concept of basically connecting any device with an on and off switch to the Internet, as well as to each other. This giant network of connected “things” can also include people.
Despite the fact that most people are not equipped with smart homes filled with interacting objects, IoT is already quite large. Gartner estimates that by 2020, there will be over 26 billion connected devices. This number is even expected to grow potentially from 50 to 212 billion by 2020. By 2025, there could be around a trillion connected devices. Though this number might seem quite large, it seems less implausible when you consider the fact that you can embed or attach sensors and tiny computing equipment to everything, from wearable fitness trackers to your pets’ collars. Further, embedded processing, sensing and communication equipment is being added to everything from bathroom scales to refrigerators to shoes. Security cameras, smoke alarms, and smart thermostats can track people’s habits to help them save on energy bills, alert them when something isn’t right at home, let them remotely see camera views of home, and make it easy to contact emergency services like the fire department or police. And IoT isn’t stopping there. Even more devices are hitting the market, with companies and industries working to create standards and platforms that will make it easier for different devices to be programmed to work together more seamlessly and improve security.
While all these devices might not work together cohesively right now, once there are more devices that can work with other devices – even from different manufacturers – many mundane tasks will be automated thanks to the fact that we’ve given common physical objects computing power and senses. These devices are able to take readings from our surrounding environments – such as our own bodies – and use the data they collect to change their own settings, signal other devices to follow suit, and aggregate it for us to peruse. These actions are performed based on complex algorithms that can occur within their own processors or on cloud servers. As smart gadgets continue to grow and learn, they soon will be able to complete tasks we haven’t even dreamt of assigning them yet.
A massive amount of internet traffic is generated by these connected devices, including large quantities of data that can be used to make the devices useful, but also can be mined for other purposes. Of course, generating all this new data and the Internet-accessible nature of these devices have raised both privacy and security concerns. Yet, due to this technology, we now have access to real-time information that we didn’t have before. Homes and families can be monitored remotely and kept safe. Productivity at businesses can be increased, reducing material waste and unforeseen downtime. City infrastructure can be embedded with sensors that help reduce road congestion and let us know ahead of time when infrastructure is in danger of breaking down. Nature can even be monitored, with gadgets watching changing environmental conditions and warning us of impending disasters, such as hurricanes or earthquakes.
As IoT continues to grow, there are many benefits we’ll see from interacting with it. The first, most obvious benefit is the fact that the IoT enables more connectivity, with people being able to operate multiple things from one device, such as a smartphone. An increase in connectivity also enables an increase in efficiency, as we’ll spend less time performing the same tasks. As smart appliances become more commonplace, convenience becomes a factor of everyday life, with devices like Amazon dash making life easier by reordering items on your behalf and with your consent. IoT also will create a world with healthier people, with wearables like smartwatches allowing you to reach your health goals by recoding your weight and body composition, providing suggestions and rewarding progress toward weight loss goals. And with smart cities on the horizon, conservation goals worldwide can be reached, allowing city planners and residents to come up with solutions to current issues by monitoring city conditions like traffic, air quality, electric/water usage, and environmental factors. Finally, personalization will be a huge attribute of IoT. Again, IoT is all about data and as IoT devices gather more data from you, they will be able to tailor to your preferences as they learn your likes and dislikes.
Where Will IoT Go Next?
Forbes writes that when it comes to the future, “anything that can be connected, will be connected.” This is why one of the trends to watch out for with IoT includes the emergence of smart cities, which can loosely be defined as the connectivity behind infrastructure and urban planning for improvements for residents, such as optimizing the flow of traffic. And as more and more IoT-based smart city applications are developed, harnessing edge analytics architecture will become even more possible. Edge computing lets the compute be performed close to the device at the edge of the network, which enables smart cities to store, process and analyze data in real time at the device level.
And IoT will continue to expand, with Gartner predicting that the enterprise and automotive IoT markets will grow to 5.8 billion endpoints in 2020, which is a 21 percent increase from 2019. According to a Microsoft survey, 85 percent of IT decision makers say they have at least one IoT project in the learning, proof of concept, or purchase phase in their organization. As 5G networks continue to evolve, they will provide better experiences for existing applications while also accelerating use cases that were not possible with the previous generations of mobile networks. This acceleration will provide a great benefit for IoT devices that are an important part of industries like healthcare and logistics. According to various sources, the rate of adoption will increase throughout 2020, with Microsoft predicting that 94 percent of businesses will be using IoT by the end of 2021.
Yet, those connections come with risks. Cybercriminals, for instance, will continue to use IoT devices to facilitate Distributed Denial of Service attacks – DdoS for short – which works to overwhelm websites with internet traffic. In 2016, a DDoS attack caused by a Mirai botnet flooded the servers of Dyn, a company that controls much of the internet’s DNS infrastructure. This attack caused major websites like Twitter, CNN, and Netflix to halt services for hours. Luckily, the future also includes more security, as routers become safer and smarter. While conventional routers provide some security, such as password protection, firewalls, and the ability to configure them to only allow certain devices on your network, router makers are likely going to seek new ways to boost security.
Finally, it comes as no surprise that the rate of adoption for Robotic Process Automation (RPA) using bots to automate methodical and time-consuming tasks is spiking. According to Forrester, the market for RPA technology will reach $2.9 billion by 2021. Yet, some estimate that RPA will never truly live up to the hype, as its potential can be construed as limited. Instead, we might see a blending of RPA with intelligent business software and AI that will create hyper automation, which will automate processes in ways that are more significant than standalone automation technologies. Yet, others are more optimistic. According to Digital Workforce, most companies will be able to automate at least 20 percent of their workload in the next five years. In order to stand up to the competition, businesses should utilize RPA to ensure they’re not consumed by larger players in the game.
The future of IoT is ripe with potential. Yet, it is dependent on many moving parts. For instance, according to Microsoft’s study, the future of IoT is reliant upon other technology such as 5G and AI, which will critically affect its success in the next two years. Yet, GSMA Intelligence estimates that IoT adoption will add up to $370 billion per annum to the global economy by 2025. As more scalable, easy-to-deploy, cloud-based IoT solutions are used by organizations, a worldwide adoption of IoT is becoming more and more likely.
Looking for Internet of Things solutions at your own business? Optimize production, reduce costs and increase throughput with Stefanini for a brighter, more agile tomorrow. Click here for more information.
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Does Switzerland Have Any Enemies? Unraveling the Myth of Neutrality
Switzerland is often heralded as a beacon of neutrality in an otherwise tumultuous world. This small, landlocked country nestled in the heart of Europe has a long-standing reputation for not engaging in armed conflicts and maintaining a diplomatic stance that encourages peace. But does this mean that Switzerland has no enemies? In this article, we’ll explore the complexities of Switzerland’s foreign relations, the historical context of its neutrality, and how this perception shapes its global standing.
The Historical Roots of Swiss Neutrality
Switzerland’s commitment to neutrality can be traced back to the early 16th century. The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 recognized Switzerland as a neutral state, allowing it to maintain independence while avoiding entanglement in the conflicts that plagued Europe. This neutrality was solidified through various treaties and declarations, most notably during the Napoleonic Wars when Switzerland successfully preserved its autonomy.
The Swiss have ingeniously crafted their identity around this neutrality, which has become a cornerstone of their national ethos. The Swiss Confederation’s policy of neutrality is not just a political stance; it is deeply ingrained in the culture and consciousness of its people. As a result, Switzerland has often been seen as a safe haven during times of conflict.
Switzerland’s Foreign Relations and Diplomacy
Switzerland’s foreign relations are characterized by a unique blend of diplomacy, humanitarian efforts, and economic partnerships. The country maintains a network of embassies and diplomatic missions worldwide, allowing it to engage with various nations effectively. Swiss diplomacy is often seen in action during international negotiations, where the country plays host to high-stakes discussions, including those held in Geneva.
- International Organizations: Switzerland is home to numerous international organizations, including the Red Cross and the United Nations Office at Geneva. This presence not only reinforces its neutral status but also positions Switzerland as a critical player in global diplomacy.
- Trade Relations: Switzerland boasts a robust economy, heavily reliant on exports. Its trade agreements with the European Union and other countries demonstrate its commitment to maintaining peaceful and productive relationships.
- Humanitarian Efforts: The Swiss government often contributes to humanitarian missions around the globe, providing aid in conflict zones and advocating for peace. Such actions enhance its global perception as a neutral entity dedicated to fostering dialogue and resolution.
Neutrality: A Double-Edged Sword?
While Switzerland is widely regarded as neutral, this status can be a double-edged sword. On one hand, neutrality allows Switzerland to engage in diplomatic relations with various countries, including those in conflict. On the other hand, this position can sometimes lead to accusations of complicity or bias when it comes to international humanitarian crises.
For instance, during World War II, Switzerland faced criticism for its economic transactions with Nazi Germany. Critics argue that Swiss banks profited from the war, raising ethical questions about the implications of their neutrality. Despite these criticisms, the Swiss government maintains that its neutrality is not a shield for unethical behavior but rather a stance that prioritizes dialogue and diplomacy.
Do Enemies Exist in Neutrality?
The notion of enemies within the context of Swiss neutrality is complex. While Switzerland may not have traditional enemies in the sense of hostile nations, it faces challenges that could be perceived as threats. These challenges include:
- Cybersecurity Threats: As a hub for international organizations and banking, Switzerland is a potential target for cyberattacks from hostile entities.
- Geopolitical Tensions: The current global climate, marked by rising nationalism and conflict, can indirectly impact Switzerland. While it avoids taking sides, the repercussions of international disputes can affect its security.
- Internal Divisions: The presence of diverse cultures and languages can sometimes lead to internal strife, particularly when it comes to issues of immigration and national identity.
The Global Perception of Swiss Neutrality
Switzerland’s neutrality is often viewed positively on the global stage, symbolizing peace and stability. Its commitment to remaining impartial has made it a go-to mediator in various international disputes. Countries often look to Switzerland to host peace talks, as seen in negotiations involving Iran and the United States, or the ongoing discussions regarding North Korea.
However, this perception is not without its challenges. In a world increasingly defined by polarized views and national interests, Switzerland must navigate the delicate balance of maintaining its neutral stance while addressing global issues. The country’s ability to adapt to changing circumstances while upholding its values is crucial for its ongoing role as a global mediator.
In conclusion, Switzerland’s reputation for neutrality is both a strength and a challenge. While it may not have overt enemies, the complexities of international relations and the evolving nature of conflict mean that Switzerland must remain vigilant in its diplomatic efforts. The Swiss people take pride in their country’s ability to foster peace and dialogue, and as the world changes, so too must their approach to maintaining neutrality.
Despite the challenges, Switzerland’s dedication to diplomacy, humanitarian efforts, and peaceful coexistence serves as a model for other nations. As we move forward in an increasingly divided world, the lessons learned from Switzerland’s approach to neutrality and foreign relations could provide valuable insights into fostering a more peaceful global community.
- Q: Why is Switzerland considered neutral?
A: Switzerland is considered neutral due to its historical stance of avoiding military alliances and conflicts, dating back to the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. - Q: Does Switzerland have any military?
A: Yes, Switzerland maintains a military for self-defense, but it does not engage in offensive military actions or alliances. - Q: Are there any countries that view Switzerland unfavorably?
A: While Switzerland maintains good relations with most countries, some may perceive its neutrality as a lack of support during international conflicts. - Q: How does Swiss neutrality affect its economy?
A: Swiss neutrality contributes to economic stability, attracting foreign investment and fostering trade relationships without the risks associated with conflict. - Q: What role does Switzerland play in international diplomacy?
A: Switzerland plays a significant role as a mediator in international negotiations and hosts various international organizations, enhancing its diplomatic presence. - Q: Can Switzerland’s neutrality change in the future?
A: While Switzerland’s neutrality is deeply rooted in its identity, shifts in global politics could influence its foreign policy, although any change would likely be gradual.
This article is in the category People and Society and created by Switzerland Team
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Cyber security job training equips individuals with the skills to protect digital assets. It covers threat detection and defense strategies.
Cyber security job training has become essential in the digital age. With increasing cyber threats, businesses need skilled professionals to safeguard their data. Training programs focus on various aspects, including network security, ethical hacking, and risk management. These courses often include hands-on experience to ensure practical knowledge.
Many programs also offer certifications, enhancing employability. Cyber security training is crucial for those seeking a career in IT security. It provides a strong foundation and keeps individuals updated with the latest threats and defense mechanisms. Investing in such training can lead to rewarding career opportunities in a high-demand field.
Introduction to Cyber Security
Cyber security protects computers, networks, and data from harm. This field is vital in today’s digital world. With increasing cyber threats, skilled professionals are in high demand.
Importance of Cyber Security
Cyber security safeguards sensitive information. This includes personal data, financial records, and intellectual property. It also ensures the integrity of systems and prevents unauthorized access.
Strong cyber security practices protect against data breaches and cyber attacks. These threats can cause significant damage to individuals and organizations. Protecting data helps maintain trust and confidence in digital systems.
- Prevents unauthorized access
- Protects personal and financial data
- Maintains system integrity
- Ensures business continuity
Current Job Market
The job market for cyber security professionals is booming. There is a high demand for experts in this field. Companies need skilled workers to protect their digital assets.
Many roles are available, including:
- Security analysts
- Penetration testers
- Network security engineers
- Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs)
Cyber security jobs offer competitive salaries and job stability. Training in cyber security can open doors to many exciting opportunities.
Job Title | Average Salary | Job Growth |
Security Analyst | $85,000 | 32% |
Penetration Tester | $95,000 | 28% |
Network Security Engineer | $100,000 | 30% |
CISO | $150,000 | 20% |
Cyber security is a critical field. It needs a mix of technical and soft skills. This section will guide you on the essential skills for cyber security.
Cyber security professionals need strong technical skills. These skills help in safeguarding systems. Below are some key technical skills:
- Networking: Knowledge of TCP/IP, DNS, and firewalls.
- Programming: Proficiency in languages like Python, C++, and Java.
- Operating Systems: Expertise in Linux, Windows, and Unix.
- Encryption: Understanding of encryption algorithms and protocols.
- Incident Response: Skills to handle security breaches effectively.
Technical skills are crucial, but soft skills are equally important. They help in communication and teamwork. Here are some vital soft skills:
- Problem-Solving: Ability to think critically and resolve issues.
- Communication: Clear and concise communication with team and stakeholders.
- Attention to Detail: Noticing small changes that could indicate a threat.
- Adaptability: Adjusting to new threats and technologies.
- Teamwork: Collaborating effectively with other team members.
Top Cyber Security Certifications
Cybersecurity is an essential field today. Professionals must stay updated with the latest skills and knowledge. Here are the top certifications to boost your cybersecurity career.
Certified Information Systems Security Professional (cissp)
The Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) is highly respected. It covers critical aspects of cybersecurity. The certification ensures you understand:
- Security and Risk Management
- Asset Security
- Security Architecture and Engineering
- Communication and Network Security
- Identity and Access Management
- Security Assessment and Testing
- Security Operations
- Software Development Security
To earn the CISSP, you need at least five years of experience. It also requires passing a rigorous exam.
Certified Ethical Hacker (ceh)
The Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) certification is perfect for those who want to protect systems. It focuses on identifying and fixing security weaknesses. The CEH training covers:
- Footprinting and Reconnaissance
- Scanning Networks
- System Hacking
- Malware Threats
- Social Engineering
- Denial of Service (DoS)
- Session Hijacking
- Hacking Web Servers
CEH certification requires knowledge of networking and security fundamentals. It also includes a practical exam to test your skills.
Training Programs And Bootcamps
Cyber security job training is crucial for aspiring professionals. Training programs and bootcamps offer diverse learning paths. These programs help you gain practical skills quickly.
Online Vs. In-person
Online training programs offer flexibility and convenience. You can learn at your own pace. Many online courses provide video lectures, interactive quizzes, and hands-on projects.
In-person training programs offer face-to-face interaction. These programs provide immediate feedback and collaboration opportunities. You can network with peers and instructors easily.
The choice between online and in-person depends on your learning style. Both options have their unique advantages.
Feature | Online | In-Person |
Flexibility | High | Low |
Interaction | Limited | High |
Cost | Varies | Higher |
Networking | Limited | High |
Intensive bootcamps are short-term, immersive programs. They focus on practical skills and real-world scenarios. Bootcamps often last between 8 to 12 weeks.
These programs usually cover:
- Threat analysis
- Penetration testing
- Incident response
- Network security
Bootcamps offer a fast track into the cyber security field. They are designed for quick skill acquisition. Many bootcamps include career services, such as resume reviews and interview preparation.
Bootcamps can be intensive but very rewarding. They provide a solid foundation for a career in cyber security.
Building A Strong Resume
Creating a strong resume is crucial for landing a job in cyber security. Your resume should showcase your skills, certifications, and experience. Highlight the most relevant information to stand out from other candidates.
Highlighting Relevant Skills
Focus on the skills that matter most in cyber security. Here are some key skills to highlight:
- Network Security: Demonstrate your ability to protect network integrity.
- Threat Analysis: Show your expertise in identifying security threats.
- Incident Response: Highlight your experience in handling security breaches.
- Penetration Testing: Prove your capability to test security systems.
- Encryption: Exhibit your knowledge of data protection methods.
Use action verbs to describe your skills. For example, “Managed network security protocols” sounds more powerful than “Responsible for network security”.
Certifications are essential in the cyber security field. They validate your expertise and knowledge. Include the most relevant certifications such as:
Certification | Issuing Organization |
Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) | ISC² |
Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) | EC-Council |
CompTIA Security+ | CompTIA |
Certified Information Security Manager (CISM) | ISACA |
Place your certifications in a dedicated section on your resume. Use bold text for the certification titles to make them stand out. Mention the issuing organization to add credibility.
Remember to keep your resume concise and relevant. Tailor it to each job application to increase your chances of success.
Networking in The Cyber Security Community
Networking is key in cyber security job training. Engaging with the community opens doors to many opportunities. It provides access to valuable resources, mentors, and job leads.
Joining professional associations can significantly boost your career. These groups offer a wealth of knowledge and networking opportunities. Here are some top associations:
- ISACA – Offers certifications and career development resources.
- ISC² – Known for the CISSP certification.
- SANS Institute – Provides training and research updates.
Membership in these groups often includes access to exclusive events and forums. This can be invaluable for career growth and staying current in the field.
Conferences and Meetups
Attending conferences and meetups is another great way to network. These events bring together experts and enthusiasts in cyber security. Here are some prominent events:
- Black Hat – Features cutting-edge research and training.
- DEF CON – One of the oldest and largest hacker conventions.
- RSA Conference – Covers the latest trends and technologies.
Participating in these events allows you to learn from the best in the industry. It also provides a platform to showcase your skills and knowledge.
Building a strong network in the cyber security community is essential. It helps you stay updated and opens doors to new opportunities.
Preparing for Cyber Security Interviews
Getting ready for a cyber security interview can be stressful. But, proper preparation makes a big difference. Practice and knowledge are key. Focus on common questions and technical assessments. This guide will help you prepare effectively.
Common Interview Questions
Interviewers often ask specific questions to test your knowledge. Here are some common ones:
- What is a firewall? Explain its function in a network.
- Define encryption. Why is it important?
- What is a VPN? How does it ensure security?
- Describe a phishing attack. How can one prevent it?
- Explain the concept of two-factor authentication.
Prepare answers to these questions. Practice speaking clearly and confidently. Use simple language. Avoid jargon unless asked for details.
Technical assessments test your practical skills. You may face coding challenges or problem-solving tasks. Here are some areas to focus on:
Skill | Description |
Network Security | Understanding of network protocols, firewalls, and VPNs. |
Penetration Testing | Ability to identify and exploit vulnerabilities. |
Incident Response | Steps to take during a security breach. |
Cryptography | Knowledge of encryption methods and their applications. |
Practice these skills regularly. Use online resources and labs. Hands-on experience is valuable.
Remember, confidence is key. Stay calm and focused during your interview. Good luck!
Advancing Your Cyber Security Career
Cyber security is a fast-growing field. Professionals must keep up with trends. Advancing your career means learning new skills. It also means taking on leadership roles. Below are ways to boost your cyber security career.
Continuing education is crucial in This field. Technology changes quickly. New threats emerge every day. Staying informed is necessary. Here are some ways to continue your education:
- Online courses
Online courses offer flexibility. You can learn at your own pace. Webinars provide expert insights. Certifications validate your skills. Workshops offer hands-on experience.
Leadership roles can advance your career. They show you can manage teams. They also show you can handle complex projects. Here are some leadership opportunities:
- Team leader
- Project manager
Team leaders guide their teams. Project managers oversee tasks. Mentors help others grow. Taking on these roles can boost your career.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Is Cyber Security Job Training?
Cyber security job training teaches skills to protect computer systems from cyber threats and attacks.
Why Is Cyber Security Training Important?
It prepares individuals to safeguard data, prevent breaches, and ensure the security of digital infrastructures.
Who Should Take Training?
Aspiring IT professionals, current IT staff, and anyone interested in protecting digital information.
How Long Does Cyber Security Training Take?
It varies; programs can range from a few weeks to several months depending on depth and certification.
What Skills Are Learned In Cyber Security Training?
Skills include threat analysis, network security, encryption, ethical hacking, and risk management.
Is Cyber Security Training Expensive?
Costs vary; some programs are free, while others can be costly. Research to find one that fits your budget.
Do You Need A Degree For the Training?
No, many programs accept individuals without degrees, though some prior IT knowledge can be beneficial.
Are Online Cyber Security Courses Effective?
Yes, many online courses offer comprehensive training and are flexible for working professionals.
What Certifications Are Available In Cyber Security?
Certifications include CISSP, CEH, CompTIA Security+, and CISM, among others.
Can Cyber Security Training Lead To A Job?
Absolutely, they are sought after across various sectors and hundreds of job openings.
Cyber security job training opens doors to a secure and rewarding career. Equip yourself with essential skills and knowledge. Stay ahead of evolving cyber threats. Invest in your future with comprehensive training. Begin your journey towards a successful career in cyber security today.
Your expertise can make a significant difference.
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DEFINITION of strike
The strike is also known as the strike price. This is one of the most important elements of options pricing. That means that an option has a fixed price at which the owner of the option can buy, or sell the underlying security or commodity.
WHAT IT IS IN ESSENCE
It may be set by reference to the spot price of the underlying security or commodity on the day an option is taken out. Or it may be fixed at a discount or at a premium.
At the expiration date, the difference between the stock’s market price and the options this price represents the amount of profit that the option gains.
In options trading, that means, the price at which a contract can be exercised. And the price at which the underlying asset will be bought or sold.
It is a key variable in a derivatives contract between two parties. Where the contract requires delivery of the underlying instrument, the trade will be at that price.
Regardless of the market price of the underlying instrument at that time.
If the option is a call, in the situation when the underlying asset hits this price it can be bought.
If the option is a put, then hitting the strike price means the underlying asset can be sold.
HOW TO USE
In order for the option to be exercised, the strike price must be reached before its expiration date. The more the asset price moves beyond the strike price, the more profit is taken from the option.
When the underlying asset in an option matches its strike price, the option is known as being at the money. When it exceeds this price, it is in the money.
Compared to the current market it is a key determining factor in the premium charged for an option. Other key factors are a time to expiry and volatility of the underlying asset.
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From Big Stone Lake in Ortonville to its intersection with the Mississippi River State Water Trail close to Fort Snelling in St. Paul, the Minnesota River State Water Trail travels 318 miles. It is a calm, tranquil river, and part of its length is classified as a Wild and Scenic River. Between 11,700 and 9,400 years ago, the glacial river warren cut out the valley through which the river runs. Paddlers will encounter a variety of topography, from swampy lowlands to towering granite cliffs. This river had a significant role in the 1862 American-Dakota War. Continue to read and we will be sharing some more details about Minnesota River with you.
History of Minnesota River
The Dakota first referred to the Minnesota as the “river of cloud-tinted water” (Watapa Minnesota), but French fur merchants who discovered it in the late 1600s gave it the name Riviere St. Pierre. The bluish-green soil beside the river was utilized as a dye by the Dakota. Near the mouth of the Blue Earth River, at river mile 116, a merchant by the name of Pierre Charles LeSueur discovered what he thought to be a seam of copper ore. LeSueur obtained the royal commission to mine the ore in Paris after bringing a sample of the “copper” there. He came again in 1700, worked the mine hard, and then departed for France with two tons of high-quality ore. The copper ore from Le Sueur remained unheard of. He must have been quite disappointed to discover that the blue earth was, in fact, just…blue earth.
In Fort Snelling State Park, the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers converge near the northeastern point of Pike Island. Zebulon Pike, an adventurer, bought the island and the surrounding territory from the native people in 1805 in order to build a U.S. military outpost. Fort Snelling was built in 1819 on a tall cliff overlooking the confluence of the two rivers. Pike Island is now a nature sanctuary, and the fort that has been reconstructed is a well-liked tourist destination.
The name Mankato, which was given to the settlement in 1858 and is located close to the mouth of the Blue Earth River, comes from the Dakota word for the river, Makata Osa Watapa.
Charles Patterson, a pioneer merchant wearing a bearskin cap who founded a trading station near the rapids in 1783, is the name-bearer of Patterson’s Rapids. The Dakota people considered the bear to be holy, and they gave him the name Sacred Hat Man, which later evolved into Sacred Heart. Both Sacred Heart Creek and the neighboring community of Sacred Heart bear Patterson’s name. A brief gold rush occurred in the vicinity of Patterson’s Rapids in the 1890s. The gold vein, which was found in 1894, was quickly exhausted, and the boomtown of Springville turned into a ghost town.
Learn about the Downsides Of Traveling As A Hobby
Exploring the Minnesota River valley
The Minnesota River Valley had almost been sealed off by the middle of the 19th century. Since the buffalo had been pushed to the plains of the upper Missouri and Red River Valley, both game and fur animals were in short supply. People in the east were demanding that the river valley be made livable. White settlement along the river was made possible by the glowing accounts of the bountiful valley that explorers and merchants brought back as well as by James Goodhue, the first newspaper editor of St. Paul, who worked enthusiastically in public relations. The Dakota gave up about 24 million acres of territory in the Traverse Des Sioux Treaty of 1851, and the migratory wave began. In the late 1800s, the river was transformed into a transportation route for settlers, carrying people and commodities to developing towns and cities as well as floating logs and powering sawmills.
Before the U.S.-Dakota War of 1862, the Dakota were still constrained by treaties to reservations along the river, and the Upper Sioux Agency (river mile 240) was one of the distribution stations where the U.S. government transferred food, supplies, and yearly payments to them. The Upper Sioux Agency served as a school where Native Americans learned farming, carpentry, and other trades that were valuable to white society.
The Minnesota River Valley is a unique and fascinating place.
The river valley was created at the conclusion of the last glacial epoch when glacial Lake Agassiz overflowed, causing a series of spectacular and significant floods. The river traverses through some of the most fertile plains on earth, as well as abundant marshes and woods, and transitions between two main natural biomes: the prairie and the Big Woods, as it weaves its way from the top of the continental divide to unite with the Mississippi. Its valley is a special environment as a result of the interactions between many creatures, plants, and humans.
The Little Minnesota River’s headwaters at Veblen, South Dakota, give rise to the Minnesota River’s headwaters, which join together at Browns Valley in a valley left over from the previous Ice Age. The river flows from its western side through abundant marshes, prairies, granite outcroppings, forested hills, farmland, villages, and small towns. People, plants, and animals have interacted with the river valley’s intricate and distinctive ecology for millennia. There is evidence of these species’ interactions all around the valley.
Convergence of Cultures and Rivers
One of the Twin Cities’ most significant historic locations is where the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers converge. It has significant spiritual and historical significance for the Mdewakanton Dakota. The confluence of the two rivers was known as Bdote Minisota. It served as some people’s Garden of Eden and site of origin. Early Americans used it as a hub for commerce and military might.
The Louisiana Purchase was announced by President Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1803. The western half of the Mississippi River basin was purchased by the United States from France. William Clark and Meriwether Lewis were ordered west by Jefferson, while Lt. Zebulon Pike was sent along the Mississippi River. General James Wilkinson, Pike’s superior, gave him instructions to find the Mississippi’s source, form alliances with the Chippewa and Dakota, put an end to intertribal violence, evaluate the fur trade, keep an eye on the weather, and secure the finest locations for military outposts.
Lt. Zebulon Pike put his boats down on the huge island near the confluence on September 21, 1805. It is currently known as Pike Island. On September 23, Pike claims that at midday, “just my gentlemen (the merchants) and the chiefs entered” a “bower or shelter, built of my sails, on the beach.” He delivered a speech informing the Dakota that both sides of the Mississippi were now under American control.
Pike wanted the Dakota to ratify a treaty giving the United States land for military forts at the confluence, St. Anthony Falls, and the mouth of the St. Croix River. Pike bragged to Wilkinson that he had purchased the property “for a song” after the Dakota signed.
Before Colonel Henry Leavenworth’s arrival to establish a fort in 1819, the Americans made little attempts to wrest control of the region from the Dakota. Colonel Josiah Snelling took over from Leavenworth a year later, and on September 10 Snelling laid the fort’s cornerstone.
Fort Snelling, which was completed in 1824, was the area hub for discussions and intertribal conferences. The fort was frequently frequented by the Chippewa, Menominee, and Winnebago despite being in Dakota territory. Fur merchants quickly established themselves in Mendota, across the river, at Camp Coldwater, close by, and just up the Minnesota River.
The Dakota had long since put their dead on scaffolds atop Pilot Knob, which looked down on the confluence. This hill was known as Oheyawahi, which means “the hill often frequented.” However, the Dakota Mdewakanton and Wapekute bands signed the Treaty of Mendota here in 1851. They exchanged their lands west of the Mississippi for a reserve on the Minnesota River under the terms of this treaty.
What are the best places to stop near Minnesota River?
The Minnesota River Valley National Scenic Byway provides a travel through the Midwest’s heartland that spans from Big Stone Lake to Belle Plaine in southern Minnesota. You’ll get the chance to discover more about Dakota Indian history, visit state parks, and maybe even stop by a few breweries along the road, giving you a flavor of the distinctive, leisurely lifestyle in this region of the state.
We’ve compiled the greatest attractions along the path to help you plan the perfect road trip along the byway, from some of the planet’s oldest rock formations to the spot where the United States-Dakota War began in 1862. Just remember to get a quality playlist.
Ortonville’s Big Stone Lake State Park
Big Stone Lake Park is home to the oak savanna, or natural prairie, which is regarded as an endangered environment in Minnesota. It also has its namesake body of water. Visitors may enjoy stunning wildflowers in the spring and summer or keep an eye out for a variety of birds in the Scientific and Natural Area where the oak savanna flourishes. Of course, there is also the option of lakeside camping and lakeside fishing here. There are bathrooms and showers available for campers who don’t want to live completely off the grid. Pets are also permitted.
Granite Falls Gneiss Outcrops
After some time spent on the byway, a halt to the Gneiss Outcrops will be a welcome—and stunning—change of scenery. The designated Scientific and Natural Area, which is a sizable meander in the Minnesota River, has old rocks that have withstood Paleozoic oceans, the movement of continents, and the weight of glacial ice. The outcrops are among the oldest rocks on the surface of the globe, having formed some 3.6 billion years ago. They have gained even greater importance in recent years as other outcrops along the Minnesota River have been used for granite mining, construction, and recreational activities. Visit the region in early July to view the uncommon plains prickly pear cactus rooted in the cracks of lichen-covered rocks blooming in yellow.
A natural lake with panoramic views of the Minnesota River Valley may be found in between the two main rock outcrops. Although there are no established trails or other recreational amenities nearby, people enjoy hiking and birdwatching there in the summer and cross-country skiing and snowshoeing there in the winter. The Minnesota River Water Trail, a 318-mile path that connects St. Paul to Ortonville and is ideal for paddlers of all ability levels, is close to the outcrops.
A visit to Minnesota wouldn’t be complete without learning about the history of the Native Americans who formerly lived there. The Lower Sioux Agency, where the U.S.-Dakota War first broke out in 1862, is one of the greatest spots to accomplish this. Tensions increased as a result of the United States government’s failure to fulfill its obligations under the Mendota and Traverse des Sioux treaties, which were signed in 1851, and to provide the Dakota people the food and supplies it had promised. Eventually, tensions between the Dakota and the newly established Minnesota government flared up, leading to a famous fight right here.
Visitors may now view a Dakota history display at the Lower Sioux Agency before taking a half-mile trek to a preserved 1861 US administration facility. On the property, there are two other short paths that follow the Minnesota River to locations like the historic location of a blacksmith’s shop and a museum shop selling Native American literature and souvenirs. You could catch one of the regular shows on Dakota life and environment if you drop over on the weekend.
Now you have a clear idea on what Minnesota River is all about. You will be able to plan your visit accordingly and visit here, so that you can get the best experience out of your stay. Minnesota River offers something for everyone as well.
Proud owner of https://travelyouman.com/
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One of the ironic things about having an eating disorder is that the individual has become so focused on food nutritional details, that they often mistake themselves for being an expert on them. While the person may read labels on food products obsessively, their mental state keeps them from truly understanding their nutritional needs. Trellis Recovery Centers provides eating disorder nutrition therapy that helps each individual understand what truly healthy food intake looks like. A trained nutritional therapist works with men and women to help them redesign their relationship with what foods they eat and make peace with eating in a new, healthy way.
What is Nutrition Therapy?
A registered dietitian is a credentialed health professional who provides personalized nutritional advice and eating plans. Many mistake a dietician for a nutritionist. However, requirements for working as a nutritionist vary, without anyone needing a license in order to work in this field. Conversely, registered dieticians (RD) have a bachelor’s degree in their field, complete an internship and pass a national exam. They understand the science of the human body and the nutrition it requires.
Someone who visits a registered dietician often has a medical condition, such as diabetes or heart-related illnesses. They need to adjust how they eat in order to support their specific physical needs. Dieticians begin nutrition therapy by reviewing the individual’s medical history and current food intake habits. From there, they can adjust the person’s diet, including choices of food and food groups, quality, and quantity of each type of food. A discussion will also take place about any vitamin or other nutritional supplements the person takes. The goal of nutritional therapy is to help the person establish healthy eating choices both while in treatment and for the rest of their lives.
How Does Nutrition Therapy Treat Eating Disorders?
Although it can be easy to associate seeing a dietician with having strictly physical health concerns, this therapy can also help others. Someone with an eating disorder typically makes poor nutritional choices on a regular basis. As a result, their physical health becomes compromised. This may be as a result of several things:
- Not consuming enough calories
- Consuming too many calories
- Periods of fasting
- Periods of binge eating
- Losing nutrients by purging, using diuretics, and other methods
- Consistently gaining and losing weight
Our eating disorder nutrition therapy is provided by professionals who understand the specifics of how challenging it can be for those with eating disorders to change their dietary intake. We provide personally tailored guidelines for how to eat that help correct current nutritional damage and prevent future damage from developing.
Request a Confidential Callback
Benefits of Nutrition Therapy for Eating Disorders
This country has been in the grips of a Diet Culture for decades. Fad diets come and go, capturing the interest and dollars of millions, only to be replaced by the next splashy big diet. They all promise high weight-loss results but what many people don’t understand is how dangerous they can be. Part of eating disorder nutrition therapy involves learning to tune out the constant messaging from the diet plan industry.
Another benefit is the fact that we treat both men and women. Because of our experience, our staff has an expert level of understanding of how to communicate with each gender group. Our dieticians become a bridge to help females understand how to let go of old eating habits and false beliefs about what is helpful or harmful to their bodies.
What Does Nutrition Therapy Look Like at Trellis Recovery Centers?
Trellis Recovery Centers is a residential treatment program, which means the eating disorder nutrition therapy we offer comes from highly trained experts in this field. Our registered dieticians get to know our patients, including things like their favorite foods, fear foods, trigger foods, and exercise habits. There is no such thing as a one-size-fits-all way to eat, whether it’s to lose, gain, or maintain weight. Because of this, each person receives a food plan designed specifically for their needs.
The dietician works with the individual to help accomplish the following:
- Understand what healthy eating looks like for them
- Recognize what their specific dietary needs are
- Make smart choices within each meal and as an overall healthy intake
- How to choose foods right for them when in a grocery store or restaurant
- Make peace with fear foods
- Understand the needs of the female body
Begin Nutrition Therapy for Eating Disorders in Los Angeles, CA
Trellis Recovery Centers treats several types of eating disorders with compassionate care that helps empower each person to overcome their illness. We understand the importance of helping each individual not only understand what good nutrition looks like for them but to make wise choices that meet their dietary needs. Our eating disorder nutrition therapy in Los Angeles, CA helps men and women redesign their approach to how they eat.
If you or a loved one needs help healing from an eating disorder, reach out and contact us today. Our friendly admissions staff can answer any questions you have.
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